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forty years only has there been much effort on the part of the Japa- 

 nese to settle this large island and bring it under agricultural subjec- 

 tion. The native Aino race, with which the Japanese have been 

 pursuing a guerrilla warfare for the last two thousand years, has now 

 practically disappeared, and there being no obstacle to settlement, the 

 Japanese are swarming in. Approaching Sapporo, the country 

 becomes moi-e settled, and many apple and pear orchards line the 

 railway. A very careful investigation was made, covering several 

 days, of the region about Sapporo, the studies being assisted by the 

 various officers of the college, notably the botanist, forester, and hor- 

 ticulturist, and also by Mr. Hori, who was at one time a student at 

 this institution, and who had joined me at Aomori for my northern 

 trip. The orchards throughout this region could be given a practi- 

 cally clean bill of health so far as insects are concerned. The San 

 Jose scale had practically died out, never having apparently amounted 

 to anything here, and the only evidences of it were a few old dead 

 scales. Nearly all the apple trees showed slight infestation by the 

 oyster-shell bark louse, which the Japanese seem to have imported 

 from America along with their original invoices of nursery stock. 

 This scale insect also seemed to be having difficulty in maintaining 

 itself and occurred in very limited numbers, those found being, as a 

 rule, dead— living individuals being found only in protected cracks 

 and crevices in the bark. The cherry scale {Diaspis pentagona) was 

 very rare or practically absent, very few single examples being found 

 on cherry trees. The orchards included plum, peach, and cherry, as 

 well as apple and pear. The scale-feeding ladybird ( Chilocorus similis) 

 was in evidence scatteringly everywhere feeding upon Mytilaspis, 

 this being the only scale insect which remained to furnish it any food. 

 The investigation covered a number of private orchards, the orchards 

 belonging to the agricultural college, and the parks and grounds in 

 the city. 



On the return to Tokyo from northern Japan many places were 

 stopped at which need not be specifically noted, the conditions not 

 being essentially new. Mito, however, a city two or three hours by 

 rail northwest of Tokyo, deserves mention. It is the site of some 

 very wonderful old gardens or orchards of plum trees grown not for 

 fruit, but for the bloom. The famous orchard of this place surrounds 

 one of the old Daimyo residences, and for many years has been a pil- 

 grimage place for the people of Tokyo and that part of Japan in the 

 flowering season in early spring. These old orchard trees, a hundred 

 years old or more, covered with lichens, did not present any infesta- 

 tion from scale insects whatever; not a sign of the San Jose scale could 

 be found on them. In fact, I found no scale insect in this region 

 except a very few dead Biaspis pentagona on cherry. 



