104 



October 16 practically all the needles were brown and dead. The 

 bark was entirely dead, moist, and its inner layers consisted of little 

 else but decaying borings. Practically all of the living Tomicids had 

 forsaken this tree, though some were found in one near hy which 

 had been less severely injured. The limbs were entirely bare of 

 needles earlj- in this spring. 



This rapid destruction is also well shown in two other trees of which 

 the writer possesses photographs. These pines had been under gen- 

 eral observation for four or five years, and early in 1901 the foliage 

 of the top of one may have been a little thinner than normal. This 

 was noticed in particular August 5, at which time the lower limbs 

 were nice and green, though the upper portion of the tree was then 

 dead. An examination showed that the latter had been attacked by 

 Tomicus jj'ini Sa3^ The work of Tomicus calllgnqjlvag in the living 

 lower portion of the trunk was very evident at this time. Mi/rwham- 

 rnus confusm' Kirby was also very abundant about this tree. It had 

 evidently bred in considerable numbers in the upper portion of the 

 trunk and then attacked the lower part. The needles had practically 

 all fallen from the upper limbs. September 26, and those on the lower 

 were brown and dead. Early in 1902 nothing but bare limbs remained. 

 The companion in misfortune stood close by, and August 5, 1901, bore 

 man J' pitch tubes above the middle, the work of Trmilcus colli graph} is. 

 September 26 all its needles were browning fast, especiallj^ those of 

 the lower limbs, and all were dead October 16. Its condition early in 

 1902 was the same as that of the trees described above. Both of the 

 last mentioned had been attacked hj DendroctmiuK teri^brans Oil v., but 

 in small numbers, and most of the injury was undoubtedly caused by 

 Tomicids. 



The destructive work of Tomicus pini was further evidenced by a 

 complaint from Jeremiah Day, of Catskill, N. Y., December, 1901, to 

 the effect that 50 young white pines 25 or 30 years old had been killed 

 during the preceding summer, and specimens of bark proved this 

 species to have been the depredator. 



The above shows how quickly a tree may die and lose its foliage in 

 the Northern States. The dates given above indicate that a pine maj' 

 be destroyed in about ten weeks. The rapidity with which such trees 

 3de]d to the elements is well shown in this photogi"aph, which repre- 

 sents a tree that was probably attacked early in 1900, because Septem- 

 ber 15, 1900, it was in a dj'ing condition. Tomicus calligraphm was 

 present in immense numbers at the base of the trunk and in smaller 

 numbers higher up. Tomicus pini was found in the lower middle 

 part of the trunk, in the upper portion, and also on the undersides of 

 the limbs. It was found almost exclusive!)' wherever the bark was 

 too thin for the larger form. 



The pines along the Hudson River Valley have suffered severely 



