SPRING PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 



43 



wiZ'the ^°"f '™K '" '''' ^^^ °^ -'-ly J-- it transform, 

 be controlled by winter treatment. (See Winter Manual p 17) 



liv/zz::-'''--' ^^-'-'^ ''' ^--^ --^ - -a- 



Sometimes the expanding: buds of apple and other fruit trees are 

 eaten into and destroyed, yet no destructive agent is in evidence to 

 account for the damage. Some parts of the tree fail to leaf out. or 

 the young leaves on an entire branch suddenly disappear. Some of 

 the blossoms are found to have a hole cut through the side of the 

 calyx and the ovary consumed. Such damage is usually indicative 

 ot the work of Climbing Cutworms which feed at night Several 

 different species work such injury. Banding the trees as for canker 

 worms, with sticky materials, cotton batting or tin collars (See p 14 

 Winter Manual) is perhaps the most reliable measure. Poisoned' 

 bran mash (See page 78) used in conjunction with banding 

 is very effective. Where early spraying is done for the bud- 

 worms and case-bearers or canker-worms, probably no other meas- 

 ure will be needed. 



As soon as the apple leaves begin to unfold, a brownish or 

 yellowish-brown moth with flattened wings which give the insect a 

 bell-shaped outline when at rest, lays its eggs upon them, and the 

 young caterpillars, upon hatching, at once begin to roll the yonng 

 leaves into cylinder form and within this roll they live and feed. 

 When disturbed, they quickly slip out of their retreat and try to 

 escape danger by letting themselves to the ground by means of a 

 silken thread. Besides eating the leaves, they gnaw the skin of the 

 young fruit, leaving scars, which later become brown and rusty. 

 This insect is the Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, Archifs rosaceana 

 Harris. The larvae work during the entire spring, maturity not be- 

 ing attained until some time in late June or early July. The second 

 and third sprayings made for bud-worms and case-bearers will 

 control this insect. 



Another leaf-folder which commences work with the opening of the 

 leaves is Acleris minuta Rob., commonly known as the Lesser Apple 

 Leaf Folder. The eggs for the spring brood are laid by a small slate- 

 gray moth and hatch into small green worms, having pale brown or 

 yellowish heads with white markings. The opposite edges of the 

 young leaves are drawn together upwards and fastened with a 

 silken web, thus forming a roofed chamber within which the cater- 

 pillar lives. Like all of its family, when alarmed, it deftly lowers 

 itself to the ground by means of a silken thread. It is controlled by 

 the same remedies as the preceding species. 



