SPRING PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 51 



Spray recommended in the Winter Manual, as protection against 

 the Fruit-tree Bark Borer, is used by some instead of whitewash. 

 Others take soft or whale oil soap and reduce it to the constituency 

 of a thick paint by adding a strong solution of washing soda in water 

 and a pint of crude carbolic acid to every 8 or 10 gallons of the 

 mixture, This is applied to the entire surface of the bark liable to 

 attack, and, if exposed to several hours of warm sunshine, forms a 

 tenacious coating resistant to rain. The odor repels the females, 

 and such young as hatch perish in trying to penetrate through the 

 greasy mixture. 



The Flat Headed Borer, Chrysobothtis femorata, exhibits the 

 same external symptoms of its presence, as the round-headed 

 species, but is located higher up the trunk and is sometimes found 

 on the higher branches. Remedies, the same as for the preceding 

 species. 



The Fruit Tree Bark Borer or Shot Hole Borer, Scolytusrug- 

 ulosus, becomes especially active with the opening of spring and 

 soon commences to migrate from infested trees to uninfested 

 ones that have, from any cause, become weakened and unhealthy. 

 Badly attacked trees should be cut down and burned, since they 

 cannot recover, and are a standing menace to all others near them. 

 If a tree is not badly attacked, it may be possible to save it, first by 

 removal of the weakening cause which is almost certainly 

 present, and second, by generously fertilizing it. Cover the trunk 

 and larger limbs with whitewash to which some Portland cement and 

 white arsenic or Paris green have been added; or, use instead the 

 carbolized whale oil soap recommended in the Winter Manual, page 

 19. Since vigorous, healthy trees will not sustain the borers very 

 well, it is important to bring all weakened trees back to a condition 

 of thrift by means of care, fertilizer, and cultivation before they are 

 attacked ; also use the whitewash on them to prevent egg-laying and 

 the ingress of young larvae hatching on the bark. 



The Scurfy Scale, Chionaspts furfurus, remains in the &gg 

 stage until about the middle of May, possibly a week earlier in the 

 southern or a week later in the northern portion of the State, 

 when the purplish young issue from beneath the elongated, grayish 

 or whitish scales. The eggs, from 10 to 75 or more in number, 

 before hatching, are purple, like the young. Treatment should be 

 exactly as for the oyster shell scale, only it should be given one or 

 two weeks earlier. 



The Oyster Shell Scale, Lefidosafhes ulmi, is in the e^^g, 

 stage until about the last week in May or the first week-in June, the 

 whitish eggs from 25 to 100 in number being concealed beneath the 

 brownish scale, which is shaped like an oyster shell. The eggs turn 



