352 BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS 



send up sprouts from the roots is taken advantage of by the 

 fruit-raiser. All plants which reproduce naturally from 

 suckers are easily propagated from root cuttings. Black- 

 cap raspberries and dewberries produce stolons. A shoot 

 bends over by its own weight and takes root at the tip. 

 When once the tip has rooted well, the shoot may be cut loose 

 from the parent stem and such rooted tips used as "sets." 



Leaves. — These are alternate, simple, palmately lobed or 

 compound three- to seven-foliate, and bear persistent 

 stipules. In Rubus trivialis, southern dewberry, the leaves 

 are evergreen. 



Inflorescence. — The flowers are terminal or axillary, soli- 

 tary, in panicles or racemes. The flowers and fruit in all 

 representatives of the genus Rubus are borne on shoots which 

 arise from the growth of the year before. For example, in 

 1913, a shoot (cane) is sent up from the root. This bears 

 leaf buds entirely. In 1914, these lateral buds elongate, and 

 some of the resulting shoots bear inflorescences. The 

 shoots, developed in 1913, once having borne fruit in 1914, are 

 no longer useful. The cutting out of these useless shoots will 

 induce the development of new ones from the roots. 



Flowers. — The flowers (Fig. 147, A) are rather large, regu- 

 lar, and usually perfect. In Rubus vitif alius, the Pacific Coast 

 dewberry, however, there are both hermaphroditic and pistil- 

 late plants. Rubus Chatncemorus is dioecious. The recep- 

 tacle is flat or convex. The five-parted calyx is persistent 

 in the fruit. There are five petals, which are usually white, 

 and deciduous. The stamens are numerous, and attached 

 at the base of the disk. The numerous pistils are separate 

 and crowded on the receptacle; each pistil bears a single 

 thread-like style. The styles are hairy and somewhat 

 broadened at the base in the raspberry; while they are 

 narrow and free from hair at the base in the blackberry. 



