230 ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 



covered with a fine silky down, convinced me of the 

 specific difference of the two trees.^ 



Our wild pear does not differ much from some of 

 the cultivated varieties. Its fruit is sour, spotted, and 

 narrowing towards the stalk,, or nearly spherical on the 

 same tree.^ With many other cultivated species, it is 

 hard to distinguish the individuals of wild origin from 

 those which the chance transport of seeds has produced 

 at a distance from dwellings. In the present case it is 

 not difficult. Pear trees are often found in woods, and 

 they attain to a considerable height,- with all the con- 

 ditions of fertility of an indigenous plant.? Let us 

 exa,mine, however, whether in the wide area they occupy 

 a less ancient existence may be suspected in some coun- 

 tries than in others. 



No Sanskrit name for the pear is known, whence it 

 may be concluded that its cultivation is of no long stand- 

 ing in the north-west of India, and that the indication, 

 which is moreover very vague, of wild trees in Kashmir 

 is of no importance. Neither are there any Hebrew or 

 Aramaic names,* but this is explained by the fact that 

 the pear does not flourish in the hot countries in which 

 these tongues were spoken. 



Homer, Theophrastus, and Bioscorides mention the 

 pear tree under the names ochnai, apios, or achras. The 

 Latins called it pyras or pirus,^ and cultivated a great 



' P. ainends described by Liudley is badly drawn with regard to 

 the indentation of the leaves in the plate in the Botanical Register, and 

 very well in that of Deoaisne's Jardin Fruitier du Museum. It is the 

 same species as P. ussiuriensis, Maximowicz, of Eastern Asia. 



* Well drawn in Duhamel, Traiti des Arires, edit. 2, vi. pi. 59 ; and in 

 Decaisne, Jard. Frui. dit Mus., pi., 1, figs. B and 0. P. halansd, pi. 6 of 

 the same work, appears to be identical, as Boissier observes. 



* This is the case in the forests of Lorraine, for instance, according 

 to the observations of Godron, De VOrigine Prohahle des Poiriers OtdHvis, 

 8fo pamphlet; 1873, p. 6. 



* Roaenmviller, Bihl. Alterth. ) Xiow, AramaeischePflameemuimen, 1881. 

 ' The spelling Pyrus, adopted by Linnsens, occurs in Pliny, Ristoria, 



edit. 1631, p. 301. Some botanists, purists in spelling, write pirns, so 

 that in referring to a modem work it is necessary to look in the index 

 for both forms, or run the risk of believing that the pears are not in the 

 work. In any case the ancient name was a common name ; but the true 

 botanical name is that of Linnaeus, founder of the received nomen- 

 clature, and Linnaeus wrote Pyrus. 



