THE FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM. 



135 



liowever, it usually includes several, or even many, layers of 

 eells, or the whole of each of the tissue-masses {e.g., collen- 

 chyma, sclerenchyma, etc. ) which immediately underlie the 

 epidermis (Fig. 110, g, i). 



The remaining portion of the fundamental system, inside 

 of the hypoderma, is designated by Sachs as the Intermediate 

 tissue. The term is of but little value in many of the higher 

 plants, where more particular names may be applied ; but in 

 some Monocotyledons, most Pteridophytes, and in Bryo- 

 phytes it is very 

 serviceable. 



156. — Cork. 

 "Within the zone 

 which the hypo- 

 derma includes 

 there frequently 

 takes place a pe- 

 culiar develop- 

 ment of the 

 young parenchy- 

 ma, giving rise 

 to layers of dead 

 cells, whose cav- 

 ities are filled 

 with air only. 

 The walls in 



onmo nnaoti lo n Fig. 111.— Transverse BCction Of one-year old Stem of jli- 



feuine cases \fi.g. , lantlms glandulosus. e, epidermis ; k, cork-cells ; r, inner 



+>ia f>/TpV r\aV\ a^'o Sreen cells, the phelloderma ; between A und r a layer of 



uiie cuiJi-od,Ji; aie ggUg jjug^ with protoplasm, called the phellogenor cork 



thin and weak, eamblum. x 350.-After Prantl. 



while in others {e.g., the beech) they are much thickened, 

 and in all cases they are nearly impermeable to water. True 

 cork is destitute of intercellular spaces, its cells being of 

 regular shape (generally cuboidal) and fitted closely to each 

 other (Pig. 111). 



157. — Cork substance is formed by the repeated subdivis- 

 ion of the cells of a meristem layer of the fundamental tissue 

 (Fig. Ill) ; these continue to grow and divide by parti- 

 tions parallel to the epidermis, forming layers of cork with 

 its cells disposed in radial rows (Fig. Ill, k). Shortly after 



