LICHENES. 



309 



Species of Bvernia are sometimes used for furnisliing yellow 



Speei sehneidera, Theloscldstes, Parmelia 

 From Parmelia pa/rietina fine dyes have 



UmWlicor 



cine, 

 dyes. 

 Family 3. ParmelieL 



(Fig. 203), Physcia, Pyxine. 

 been obtained. 



Family 3. ITmbilicariei 

 ria. 



Family 4. Peltigerei. Slicta (Fig. 

 213), Nephroma, Peltigera, Solorina. Stic- 

 ta pvlmonacea was formerly used in medi- 

 cine, but it bas fallen into disuse, except- 

 ing with quacks. 



Family 5. Pannariei. Heppia, Pan- 

 naria. 



Family 6. CoUemei. Ephebe, Licli- 

 ina, Bynalissa, Omphalaria, CoUema (Fig. 214), Leptogium, Hydro 

 thyria. 



Family 7. Lecauorei: Placodium, Lecanora, Rinodina, Pertusa- 

 ria (Fig. 315, C), Gonotrema, Dirina, Oyalecta, Urceolaria, Thelotrema, 



Lecanora tarta- 



Fig. 214.— CoZfema ptdpnmm, 

 slightly magnified, showing the 

 apothecia.— After Sachs. 



rea lurnisli-;s a dye, aud L. 

 eaculenta, of Asia Minor, sup- 

 plies a valuable food ; it is 

 sometimes " carried up by 

 whirlwinds and deposited aftei 

 traversing the air for many 

 miles, giving rise to stories of 

 the miraculous descent of food. 

 A few years since, in a time of 

 great scarcity at Erzeroum, a, 

 sliower of these lichens fell 

 most opportunely, to the great 

 relief of the inhabitants."* 



Tkibb II. Lecideacbi. 



Apothecia rounded, open, pa- 

 telliform, contained in a proper 

 exciple. 

 — Family 1. Cladoniei. 8te- 



Kg. 215.— 4, Oraphis flegams on a piece of reocjivlnn Pilytnhnviii fVn/ln-nJn 

 twig of the holly ; B. the same slightly mag- reocauion, rivoprwi Its, Llaaonm. 

 ifled ; 0, Pertusaria Wulfeni, slightly mag- Gladonia ranqiferina is tlie 

 "'^ = '-'•■ ^ -After"-'-- 



niiietr; (7, Pertusaria Wul/t,,,, 

 Difled, on a ijiece of old wood.' 



fter Sachs, 



Reindeer moss " of the Arctic 

 regions ; it furnishes a valuable food to the reindeer. 



* Berkeley : " Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany," p. 383. 



