QLOWOLOGT OF ANGI0SPEBM8. 433 



When there is a coalescence of the anthers the androecium is syn- 

 genesious or synantlierous. 



The stamens miiy be adnate to the petals, when they are epipetalons ; 

 in some cases they are adnate to the style of the pistil, as in the 

 Orchids ; such are said to be gynandrous. 



The principal terms which designate the structural relation between 

 the anther and filament in individual stamens are : 



Adnate, applied to anthers which are adherent to the upper or lower 

 surface (anterior or posterior) of the filament ; when on the upper 

 surface the anthers are introrse ; when on the lower, extrofse. 



Innate, applied to anthers which are attached laterally to the upper 

 end of the filament, one lobe being on one side, the other on the) oppo- 

 site one. The part of the filament between the two anther-lobes is 

 designated the connective ; it is subject to many modifications of form, 

 and often becomes separable by a joint at the base of the antlier from 

 the rest of the filament. 



Versatile is applied to anthers which are lightly attached to the top 

 of the filament, so as to swing easily ; these may also be introrse or 

 extrorse. 



The Gynoeoium. — The Gynoecium is made up of one or more carpels 

 (carpids or carpophylla) — i.e., ovule-bearing phyllomes, and it is said to 

 hemono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc., and poly carpellary, accurdiiig as it 

 has one, two, three, four, five, to many carpels. In old books the 

 terms monogynous, digynous, trigynous, etc. , meaning of one, two, three; 

 etc., carpels, are used instead of the more desirable modern ones. When 

 the carpels are more than one they may be distinct, forming the apo- 

 carpous gynoecium ; or they may be coalescent into one compound or- 

 gan, the syncarpous prynoecium. In the former case the term pistil is 

 applied to each carpel, and in the latter to the compound organ. Pis- 

 tils are thus of two kinds, simple and compound ; the simple pistil is 

 synonymous with carpel ; the compound pistil with syncarpous gynce- 

 cium 



In the simple pistil the ovules actually jjrow out from the united 

 margins (the ventral suture) of the carpophyllum ; the internal ridgre or 

 projection upon which they are borne is the placenta. Sometimes the 

 ovules are erect— i.e.,l\\ej grow upward from the bottom of the ovary — 

 and when single appear to be direct continuations of the flower axis 

 (Fig. 304). Suspended ovules — i.e., those growing from the apex of the 

 ovary cavity — are also common. 



In compound pistils the coalescence may be, on the one hand, of closed 

 carpels, and on the other of open carpels. In the former case the pis- 

 til has generally as many l^culi (cavities or cells) as there are carpels ; 

 this is expressed by the terms uni-, M , tri-, quadri-, and so on to multi- 

 loeular. Such pistils have axile placentae — i.e., they are gathered 

 about the axis of the ovary, e.g., Hypericum. In the case of compound 

 pistils formed by the coalescence of open carpels, the margins only of the 



