14 Shells as evidence of the Migrations. 



used as trumpets.* The importance of this fact cannot be 

 overlooked when one considers the intimate relationship 

 in Crete, and other places, between the use of shell-purple 

 for dyeing and the employment of conch-shells for 

 trumpets. A further point is worthy of mention here, and 

 that is the discovery of a pearl-shell (Meleagrina 

 margaritifera), a native of Eastern Seas, on hut found- 

 ations near Reggio Emilia, N. Italy.^ The coincidence 

 of the occurrence of all three objects — shell-purple, conch- 

 shell trumpets, and pearl-shell— in North Italy, is most 

 remarkable, and seems to indicate definite contact with 

 the' advanced cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean. 



'Regarding the geographical distribution of the purple 

 industry further west, we find that Vitruvius makes allu- 

 sion to the purple of Gaul,''- while Strabo refers to that of 

 southern Spain, (Turdetania, near Carteia),^ and to the 

 introduction of purple to the Balearic Islands by the 

 Phoenicians."^ In these islands Purpura hcemasioma is 

 still used by the fishermen of Minorca to mark their 

 linen ; Murex trunculus is also known to them as yielding 

 a fixed and permanent colour.^ 



With regard to the purple of Spain, Duckworth, in his 

 " Cave Explorations at Gibraltar,"^ mentions the discovery 

 of specimens of Purpura hcBtnastoma with ' the apical 

 portion fractured in a curious mannerT^nd suggests, on 



= » Mosso, op. cit., p. 363, quoting Morelli, " Resti organic! rinvenuti 

 nella Cavernadelle Arene Candide," Geneva, 1901, p. iii. 



«» Mosso, op. cit., p. 269, quoting Colini, Atti della Society romana 

 d' Antropologia, x., 1904. 



'- Vitruvius, vii., p. 13. 



'= Strabo, iii., 145. Carteia lay east of Gades (Cadiz) and was a 

 colony planted by the Tyrians about e.g. 1130, cf. Kawlinson, "History of 

 Phoenicia," 1889, p. 419. 



'* Strabo, iii., 167, cf. Besnier, op. cit., p. 775. 



" Lacaze-Duthiers, Proc. Roy. Soc, x., i860, p. 583. 



" /ourn. Roy. Anthrop. Inst., xli., 1911, p. 363, and pi. xl. fig. 3. 



