204 Appendix. 



have the tip of the spire of the shell knocked off. In New 

 Guinea and in Melanesia "end-blown" trumpets are in 

 use, as well as others of the " side-blown " type, ie., with 

 the blow-hole on the side of one of the upper whorls of 

 the shell. The ap^x in the latter is left perfect. It would 

 appear, therefore, that the Peruvian example is a combi- 

 nation of the two types. 



The reproduction of the shell form in clay is another 

 interesting point linking Peru with the Mediterranean 

 region. As mentioned on an earlier page (p. 34), clay 

 models of the Triton-sheW were found in 1903 in the 

 excavations at Knossos, in Crete. Mosso also records 

 the discovery in Minoan sites of reproductions of shells 

 in alabaster and other materials.-'' 



According to Mead, the trumpet is frequently men- 

 tioned in the earlier accounts of Peru, such as those of 

 Garcilasso and Alonso de Ovalle, in connection with 

 battles between opposing armies. Prescott also states 

 that at the siege of Cuzco (1536) "the Spaniards were 

 roused by the hideous clamour of conch, trumpet, and 

 atabal, mingled with fierce war-cries of the barbarians." " 



This association of the conch-shell trumpet with war 

 was also met with in the lands bordering the north-eastern 

 part of the Gulf of Mexico, for on the appearance of 

 De Soto's soldiers in 1539 the Indians of Florida and the 

 Chickasaw country were roused to action by the blowing 

 of horns and conch-shells, and the beating of drums."" 



The custom of placing pearls and other objects in the 

 mouth of the dead in China, described in an earlier chapter, 

 is also found in Korea. In his article on " Mourning and 

 Burial Rites of Korea," E. B. Landis^' gives a list of 

 articles used at encoffining the corpse, which includes, 

 amongst others ; rice ; pieces of Haliotis shell ; three 

 pearls, etc. A little rice is first placed in the mouth of 

 the dead, then a pearl, in the left, the centre, and the 

 right side of the mouth. 



Dr. Elliot Smith informs me that in the course of 



°* Mosso, "The Dawn of Mediterranean Civilization," 1910, p. 364. 



" W. H. Prescott, " History of the Conquest of Peru," vol. II., 1855, 

 P- 32. 



^' Grace King, " De Soto and His Men in the Land of Florida," 

 London, 1914, pp. 39 and 1S7. 



^'' Journ. Atithrop. Inst., vol. 25, pp. 346-7. 



