INDEX. 



Amulets. See Cowries. 



Aztec gods. Shells associated with, 

 51-55 ; compared with Hindu gods, 

 53-55' 57-58. with Maya gods, 56-57; 

 adorned with pearls, 118. See also 

 Tecciztecatl, Tlaloc, and Tonatiuh. 



Aztec Moon-cult, 35, 52-55. 



Babylonian Fish-god, 61, 78. 

 Blood-letting. Shell-trumpets used at, 



51 ; cowries used at, 160. 

 Buccinum-aheXis, as trumpets, 4, 32 ; 



purple dye obtained from, 4-7, 196. 



See also Purpura-shtWs. 



Cassis-sheWa, as trumpets, 38-40, 43, 

 51 ; found in Mentone cave, 136 ; 

 found in pre-Columbian burial in 

 Ecuador, 121. 



Chac, Maya Rain God. Conch-shell 

 associated with, 57 ; compared with 

 Tlaloc, the Mexican Rain God, 57 ; 

 appears as the Maya Moon God, 57 ; 

 claimed as the American form of the, 

 Vedic god, Indra, 57-58 ; tortoise 

 associated with, 60 ; compared with 

 the stag-headed dragon in Japan, 63. 



Chank-cult of India, 35-38, 53.55, 58- 

 59, 195-196. 



Chank shells. As trumpets, 35-38, 53- 

 55 ; used by Hindus and Buddhists, 

 35. 38, 53-54 ; reversed, prized by 

 Hindus, 35, by Chinese, 38 ; Vishnu 

 associated with, 35, 53, 58-59, 61, 

 195-196 ; calcined for making lime, 

 84, 91-92 ; references in Classics to, 

 88; fisheries of, 88-89; pearls found 

 in, 90 ; in prehistoric sites in India, 

 164-165 ; bangles made from, 165. 



Charms. See under Cowries. 



Circumcision. Shell-trumpets used at, 

 37;" cowries used at, 159. 



Classical Literature. Purple mentioned 

 in, 3-4. 7. 10-15/ 81, 195; shell- 

 trumpets mentioned in, 30, 32; pearls 

 mentioned in, 73, 77, 81, 83, 87-88, 

 93-94. 96. 104. 



Clay idol found in Ca.rjzi-shell in Ten- 

 nessee, 64. 



Clay models of shell-trumpets, 34, 47, 

 203-204. 



Cowry, The. Derivation of name, 126; 

 Greek name of, 126; Roman name 

 of, 126, 200; French name of, 126, 

 200; Sanskrit name of, 126; Portu- 

 guese name of, 126; Arab name of, 

 126; Siamese name of, 126; Chinese 

 signs for, 180-182; Japanese name 

 ^ of, 183, 205. 



Cowry-shell, The. Known as " Concha 

 Venerea," 138; as the parent of 

 mankind, 176; as the source of life, 

 182-183, 185-186. See also Cowries. 



Cowries. Death, associated with, 74, 

 100, 128-138, 145, 147, 153-154, 159- 

 161, 164, 169-170, 182-183, 186-194, 

 205; placed in mouth of the dead, 

 100, 182-183, 186; as currency, 123, 

 126, 130, 140, 142, 147-164, 165-169, 

 171, 174-175, 177-181, 183; asamu- 

 lets, 123, 127-129, 139-143, 146-164, 

 169-172, 183, 194, 205-206 ; in 

 games, 126, 154, 157, 159, 170-171; 

 as hunting and fishing charms, 127, 

 157-158, 173-174; as charms against 

 the evil eye, 127, 140, 152-153, 158, 



169, 183; as fertility charms, 127, 

 133, 139, 142, 145, 152-153, 157-158, 



170, 183-184; marriage, associated 

 with, 127, 142, 145-146, 153, 157, 

 164, 172; imitated in stone, 128, 

 174, in ivory, 176, in metal, 178, 

 205; in caves, 134-138; for divina- 

 tion and soothsaying, 140-141, 145, 

 155, 158-159, 161, 170 ; head- 

 hunting, associated with, 142, 160, 



, 172, 174; as eyes for idols, 149-150, 

 158, 173, 176; initiation ceremonies, 

 associated with, 154-155, 184-186; at 

 circumcision, 159; as symbolic mes- 

 sages, 161-163, 190-191 ; as war- 

 signals, 161, 190-191. 



Cowries. Use of : Africa, 141-164; 

 America, N., 184-193; Arabia, 139; 

 Bosnia, 131; British Isles, 133, 140, 



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