210 PRACTICAL COURSE IN BOTANY 
230. Intermediate types. — Flowers like the peach and 
rose represent an intermediate type in which the calyx, 
petals, and stamens are attached to a prolongation of the 
receptacle that extends above the ovary, but is not united 
with it (Fig. 301). In general, a flower is not considered as 
belonging to the epigynous kind unless the ovary is more or 
less consolidated with the parts around it (Fig. 304). 
Il. STUDY OF A COMPOSITE FLOWER 
Marteriau. — The largest heads attainable should be selected, as the 
florets are small at best, and difficult to handle. The large cultivated sun- 
flower (Helianthus annuus) makes an ideal specimen, if accessible. Oxeye 
daisy and dandelion can be obtained throughout the season almost every- 
where, but the former has no pappus, and the latter does not show the 
tubular disk flowers. Other common specimens are: for spring, mayweed, 
Jerusalem artichoke, coreopsis, arnica; for late summer and autumn, 
China aster, golden aster (Chrysopsis), sneezeweed, elecampane — and, 
in fact, the great majority of flowers to be found at this season are of the 
composite family. Oxeye daisy is used as a model in the text on account 
of its general accessibility, but almost any specimen of the radiate kind 
will meet all essential conditions of the analysis. 
231. The ray flowers. — Examine the upper side of an ox- 
eye daisy through a lens. Of what is the yellow button in the 
center composed? Count the narrow, petal-like rays dis- 
posed around 
the center. To 
decide what they 
are, look for a 
small two-cleft 
body at the base 
of the ray; this 
is the pistil. 
Do you see any 
stamens in the 
307 ray? An exam- 
Fias. 305-308.— An oxeye daisy : 305, a flower head; ination will 
306, vertical section of a head; 307, disk flower; 308, ray : show 
flower, enlarged. that all the rays 
