FRUITS 269 
cluster than of a collective fruit. The same is true of the 
clump of tailed akenes that make up the fruit of the clematis. 
Though the product of a single flower and thus technically 
an aggregate fruit, they are really only a compact head or 
cluster. Some degree of cohesion is necessary to constitute 
2 cluster of matured ovaries into an aggregate or a multiple 
fruit. 
307. The individual fruits that make up the various kinds 
just described may belong to any of the classes mentioned 
in the two preceding sections: those of the blackberry, for 
instance, are drupes; of the strawberry, akenes; of the 
sweet gum, capsules. 
Practical Questions 
1. To what class of fruits would you refer the following: a banana; 
a tickseed; a dewberry; a cocklebur; a string bean; a watermelon; a 
cantaloupe; a pomegranate; a black haw; a dogwood berry; a red 
pepper ? 
2. Tell which of the following are aggregate or multiple fruits, and 
which are fruit clusters: an ear of corn; of wheat; a buttonwood or a 
sycamore ball; a hop; a dewberry; a pine cone; a prickly pear. (303, 
304, 306.) 
8. Tell the nature of the individual fruits composing the different com- 
binations mentioned in the last question. 
4. Can you suggest any advantage that might accrue to a species from 
having its fruits clustered or compound? (21, 23, 24, 287.) 
Field Work 
1. Study the various edible fruits of your neighborhood with regard to 
their means of dissemination and protection. Consider the object of the 
protective adaptations in each case, whether against heat, cold, moisture, 
animals, etc. Notice the color of the different kinds, and trace its sig- 
nificance; for example, the bright red of the holly, the dull color of mus- 
cadine, black haw, and wild smilax. Account for the prevalence of red 
among autumn fruits. Notice the position of the fruit on the bough and 
explain its object; as, for instance, the clustering of dogwood at the end 
of the twig, the pendent position of grapes and honey locusts. Observe 
