CRYPTOGAMS 325 
cup, or merely by concentric rings or rag- 
ged bits of membrane (the remains of the 
volva). Look for the annulus or ring (re- 
mains of the veil) near the insertion of the 
stipe into the cap, and if there is one, notice 
whether it adheres to the stipe, or moves 
freely up and down (Fig. 459, a) ; whether 
it is thick and firm, or broad and membra- 
nous so that it hangs like a sort of curtain 
round the upper part of the stipe (Fig. 
467, a). Break the stem and notice whether pine S 
it is hollow or solid; observe also the texture, pig. 459, — Parasol 
whether brittle, cartilaginous, fibrous, or mushroom (Lepiota 
procera), showing 
fleshy. movableannulus: st, 
373. The pileus, or cap. — Observe this as ae gol ie . 
to color and surface, whether dry, or moist floccose patches left 
and sticky; smooth, or covered with scurf >¥ vv 
or scales left by the remains of the volva, as it was stretched 
and broken up by the expanding cap (Fig. 459, p, p). Note 
also the size and shape, whether coni- 
cal, expanded, funnel-shaped (Fig. 460), 
or umbonate — having a protuberance 
at the apex (Fig. 459) — or whether the 
margin is turned up at the edge (revo- 
lute, Fig. 467), or under (involute, Fig. 
459). 
374. The gills, or laminz. — Look at 
the under surface and notice whether 
the gills are broad or narrow, whether 
they extend straight from stem to mar- 
Fic. 460. — Chanterelle . 
nn vee cibarius), with gin, or are rounded at the ends, or 
infundibuliform pileus and eyryed, toothed, or lobed in any way. 
ceursenn eae Notice their attachment to the stipe, 
whether free, not touching it at all; adnate, attached squarely 
to the stem at their anterior ends; or decurrent, running 
down on the stem for a greater or less distance (Fig. 460). 
