Relapsing Fever 495 



for which Novy* has proposed the name Spirochaeta duttoni in 

 memory of Button, who lost his life while studying it. In 1905 

 Kochf while working in Africa discovered a spirochaeta that he re- 

 garded as identical with that already described by Ross and Milne 

 and Button and Todd. Later studies of the organism convinced 

 C. FrankelJ that it was a separate species. For it Novy later sug- 

 gested the name Spirochaeta kochi. In 1906 Norris, Pappenheimer 

 and Flournoy§ found a spirochaeta in the blood of a patient suffering 

 from relapsing fever in New York. This having been extensively 

 studied by Novy, has since been called Spirochaeta novyi. 



With the work of Schaudinn and his associate, Hoffmann, || 

 the spirochaeta came to be regarded as protozoan parasites because 

 of the presence of an undulating membrane; the refusal of most of 

 the organisms to grow upon artificial media, the r61e of an inter- 

 mediate host (ticks, etc.) in transmitting them, and the longitudinal 

 mode of division. 



Fevers characterized by relapses and by the presence of spiro- 



Fig. 198. — Spirochsta obermeieri from human blood (Kolle and Wassermann). 



chaeta in the blood have been found in northern and northeastern 

 Europe (true relapsing fever with Spirochaeta obermeieri), in various 

 parts of equatorial Africa (African relapsing fever with Spirochaeta 

 duttoni) ; ia North Africa (Spirochaeta berbera) ; in Bombay and in 

 other parts of India (Spirochaeta carteri) ; in Persia (Spirochaeta 

 persica); and in America (Spirochaeta novyi). The question, there- 

 fore, arises whether these similar diseases are slight modifications 



'JoM' Infectious Biseases," 1906, in, p. 295. 



T Deutsche med. Wochenschrift," 1905, xxxi, p. 1865; "Berliner klinische 

 Wochenschrift," 1906, xuii, 185. 



|"Med.klin.," 1907,111, 928; "Munchener med. Wochenschrift," i907,Liv, 201. 



S J Jour. Infectious Diseases," 1906, ra, 266. 



II Deutsche med. Wochenschrift," Oct., 1905, xxxi, p. 1665; "Arbeiten aus 

 aem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte," 1904, xx, pp. 387-439. 



