Xll CONTENTS 



turgidity in tissues — 254. Tensions of the tissues — 255. Longitudinal tensions — 

 256. Absorption of liquids — 257. Absorbing organs — 238. Structure of an absorb- 

 ing root — 259. Bleeding pressure, and nectarial excretion — 260. Measurement of 

 tension of fluids in body of plant — 261. Guttation, and action of nectaries — 262. 

 Relation of plants to gases — 263. Diffusion of gases through coatings of fruits. — 

 264. Diffusion through a waxy membrane — 265. Diffusion of gases through leaves 



— 266. 'Connection of air in cortex and spongy parenchyma of leaves with the at- 

 mosphere through the stomata — 267. Connection of air in cortex of branches with 

 atmosphere through lenticels — 268. Length of free passages in vessels — 269. Per- 

 meability of wood to air — 270. Stomata — 271. Structure and action of stomata — 

 272. Cobalt test for transpiration — 273. Use of a differential hygrometer — 274. 

 Transpiration — 275. Amount of transpiration — -276. Determination of transpira- 

 tion by weighing — 277. Comparative- amount of transpiration of stems and leaves — 

 278. Influence of light on transpiration — 279. Determination of amount of trans- 

 piration by a potometer — 280. Force exerted by transpiring shoots — 281. The re- 

 covery of wilted leaves by aid of increased pressure — 282. Path of sap through 

 stems — 283. Demonstration of path of sap — 284. Comparison of the capacity of 

 old and new wood for conducting water — 285. Rate of ascent of sap through stems 



— 286. Mechanism by which water is conducted upward through stems. 



XL Nutritive Metabolism 217-249. 



287. Essential constituents of the food of plants — 288. Structure and arrange- 

 ment of living matter — 289. Chemical properties of the cell — 2go. Functional re- 

 lations of the cell components — 2gi. Nutritive elements obtained from the soil by 

 green plants — 2g2. Water cultures — 293. Absorption and use of carbon — 294. 

 Demonstration of the accumulated product of photosyntheis : iodine test — 295. Ac- 

 curate estimation of the amount of carbohydrates in leaves in darkness and light — 

 296. Growth of plants in darkness, and in air lacking carbon dioxide — 297. Cul- 

 tures of plants in atmosphere lacking carbon dioxide — 298. Conditions affecting 

 photosynthesis — 2gg. Influence of amount of carbon dioxide upon the amount of 

 photosynthesis — 300. Influence of temperatures upon photosynthesis • — • 301. In- 

 fluence of various portions of the spectrum upon photosynthesis — 302. Volu- 

 metric estimation of atmospheric gases — 303. Photosynthesis by bacteria — 304. 

 Chemosynthesis. of carbohydrates — 305. Chemosynthesis of nitrogenous substances 



— 306. Translocation of plastic material — 307. Channels for the conduction of 

 plastic material — 308. Translocation of carbohydrate from leaves — 3og. Storage of 

 reserve food — 310. Determination of the storage substances in a plant — 311. For- 

 mation of storage organs and deposition of reserve material — 312. Special types of 

 nutrition — 313. Nutrition of a saprophyte — 314. Mycorhizas : associations of higher 

 plants and saprophytic fungi — 315. Arrangement of components of lichens — 316. 

 Relations of a fungous parasite to its host — 317. Relations of a phanerogamous para- 

 site and its host. 



XII. Respiration, Fermentation, and Digestion 250-275. 



318. Derivation and conservation of energy — 3ig. Aerobes — 320. Demonstra- 

 tion of excretion of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration — 321. Ready method 

 of estimation of the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled — 322. Incomplete combustion 

 in oily seeds — 323. Excretion of carbon dioxide in the anaerobic respiration of an 

 aerobe — 324. Decrease of dry wieght by respiration — 325. Anaerobes — 326. Esti- 

 mation of the amount of carbon dioxide given off, and oxygen absorbed during respi- 

 ration — 327. Estimation of atmospheric gases with Bonnier and Mangin apparatus — 

 328. Influence of temperature upon respiration — 32g. Estimation of the respiratory 

 quotient — 330. Respiration of oily seeds — 331. Respiration of peas — 332. Produc- 

 tion of heat in respiration — 333. Production of heat in fermentation — 334. Products 



