GERMAN AND ITALIAN LITERATtlRE. 133 



ThQ statement made by Kloden is in accordance with observations made 

 by otb,er8 elsewhere. The effect of forests, and of the destruction of forests, 

 on climate, both as regards the water supply and the temperature, has 

 received great attention from Dr Draper, Director of the Meteorological 

 Observatory in the Central Park, New York, with results, to some extent, 

 in accordance with those stated, deduced from observations in the United 

 States of America. 



I have not seen the statement made by Kloden, which occurs in his 

 Handhueh der Physischer GeograpMe (p. 658), but taking the import of it to 

 be as given by Mr Marsh, the phenomena may be susceptible of explanation. 

 There may have been a general increase of the rainfall, but a diminution of 

 the drainage of the surplus moisture of the land. The ground may have 

 become more desiccated, and that to such an extent that even an increased 

 rainfall does not maintain the rivers at their height. 



Of other German works bearing on the subject of torrents I may mention 

 the following : — Die Oesterreichischen Alpenlandar und Hire Forste, by Jospph 

 Wessely — published in Vienna, 1853. Ansiekten uher die Bewaldung der 

 Steppen des EuropoBsahen Bussland, by J. Van den Brinken — Braunschweig, 

 1854. Die Gehirgsbache undihre Verherungen, by Franz MuUer — -Landshut, 

 1857 ; the author was a Bavarian engineer, and the work treats of the con- 

 struction of barrages, more especially those of masonry aijd wood, but it 

 treats also of the fixation of mountains, by means of hurdles, with a view 

 to reboisement. Der Wald saint dessen wichtigen Einfi/ass auf der Klimat, <&c. 

 — ^published in Vienna, 1860. Die Alpen in Natur und Lebensbildern, by 

 H. Berlepsch — Leipsig, 1862 ; a work of which an English translation, by 

 Stephens, has been published. 



In Italy much attention has has been given to irrigation, and the utiliza- 

 tion and economising of the water supply; the Italian literature on 

 subjects connected therewith is very voluminous j and the effect of vegeta- 

 tion on the humidity of the climate, and the supply of moisture for the 

 promotion of vegetation, has not been overlooked. Of Ita^lian works relating 

 thereto the following may be noted : — DeW Immediata Influenza delle Silve 

 sul Gorso delle Aeque, by Castellani — Torino, 1818-1819. DeW Impiante e 

 Conservazione dei Boschi, by Guisippe Cereni — Milano, 1844. Necessita dei 

 Boscki nella Lombardia, by Antonio Giovanni Batti Villa — Milano, 1850. 

 Connisulla Importanza e Goltura die Boschi, byPietro Caimi — Milano,, 1857. 

 Le Condizioni de Boschi de fiumi e de J'orrenti nella Provincia de Bergamo, 

 byG. Eosa, in Politecno, Decembre, 1861, pp. 606-621. Studii sui Boschi, 

 by the same writer, in Politecno, Maggie, 1862, pp. 232-238. 



The subjects of colmaiage or warping, alluvian drainage, and defences 

 against inUindation-;-rall of which come within the scope of the French 

 treatises I have cited — have also found a place in the ItaUan literature of 

 hydrology. To this chapter belong the following works : — Memorie sul 

 bonifioammto delle Maremme Toscano, by Fernando Tartini ; Sulle Faludim 

 Pontine, by Eustachio Zanotti ; Relazione e voto sop^-a il deseccametito delle 

 Paludi Pontine, by Gaetano Rappini ; Sopra la distribuzione delle a,lluvione, 

 by Vittoria Fosaombroni; Eicherche idrauliche relative alle Golmate, by 

 Pietro Paoli; Iniorno al ripararo delle innondazioni delV Adige la citta di 

 Verona, by Antonio Lorgna. 



In our own language has appeared in a first edition, entitled Man and 

 Nature, published in 1863, and in a second edition, entitled The Earthr-as 

 modified hy Human 4c!!w», published in 1874, by the Hon. GeprgeP. Marslji, 



