FISHES—PHENOMENAL AND ECONOMICAL. 155 
Castlenau, is declared by Professor McCoy to possess no distinctive characters that 
he can detect when compared with the Common Mackerel, Scomber scomber, of the 
European seas. There is likewise an Anchovy abundant on the Southern Coast-lines 
of Australia that so closely resembles the much-esteemed European species that it 
is indifferently described in ichthyological works as Engraulis encrasicholus, var. 
antipodum, or as Engraulis antarcticus. 
Apart from the close affinity subsisting between the specific types enumerated 
in the foregoing paragraphs, an interesting parallelism obtains between certain more 
abnormal genera which possess characteristic representatives in both the North 
Temperate and South Temperate hemispheres, separated by a wide tropical area from 
which they are absent. In this manner, that most singular type, the Northern 
Chimera, Chimera monstrosa, possesses its counterpart in the so-called Elephant-fish, 
Callorhynchus antarcticus, of the New Zealand and Southern Australian seas, while 
the peculiarly modified sucking fishes, Gobiesocide, represented in British waters by 
several species of Lepidogaster, find their co-types on the Australian Coast-line 
in several species of the genus Crepidogaster. 
The Cod family, Gadide, yields a remarkable instance of a group of littoral 
fishes with allied but diverse genera, subsisting in Australian and other South Temperate 
waters, and in those of the North Temperate zone, with an at present impassable 
barrier of tropical ocean between them. Gadus proper, embracing eighteen species, 
includes such well-known forms as the Common Cod, G. morrhua; the Haddock, 
G. eglefinus; the Whiting, G. merlangus; the Pollack, G. pollachius; the Saith 
or Coal Fish, G. virens, and other European market species, which are entirely 
confined to the Arctic and North Temperate zones. The Hake, Merlucius vulgaris, 
however, has its counterpart in M. gayi of the New Zealand and Magellan seas ; and 
the Rocklings, genus Motella, numbering three British species, have also represen- 
tatives on the Coast of New Zealand and at the Cape of Good Hope. There are 
but two genera, Lotella and Pseudophycis, belonging to the true Cod family, which 
inhabit New Zealand and Southern Australian waters and are almost entirely 
restricted to this area of distribution. Both of them are very nearly allied to the 
European genus Phycis, including the so-called Forkbeards, P. blennioides and 
breviusculus, of British waters, from which they differ only in the relatively less 
reduced condition of development of the ventral fins. The largest and commonest 
form, Pseudophycis barbatus, is known as the Rock Cod in Tasmania and New 
Zealand. It grows from a more general average of two or three to a weight of 
