MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS. 149 



A Caryopsis, or Grain, is an indehiscent, non-fleshy fruit 

 possessing a thin pericarp, which is closely adherent to the 

 thin seed-coats, as in wheat, corn and other Gramineae (Figs. 

 120, 125). 



A Cremocarp is a dry, indehiscent fruit which consists of 

 two inferior akenes, known as mericarps; these are separated 

 from each other by means of a stalk known as a carpophore. 

 This fruit is characteristic of the Umbelliferce (Figs. 245, 

 248). 



A Drupe is a fleshy, indehiscent fruit with a more or less 

 succulent and well-developed sarcocarp and an indurated endo- 

 carp. Drupes are superior when they are free from the torus, as 

 in prune; inferior when the torus forms a part of the fruit, as 

 in pimenta. Drupes are also spoken of as " dry " when the sarco- 

 carp is less succulent, as in Rhus glabra (Fig. 249) or when they 

 are collected unripe, as in pepper and cubeb (Fig. 250). The 

 fruits of the raspberry and blackberry consist of a collection of 

 little drupes, the whole being known as an et^erio. In the black- 

 berry the drupelets cohere with the fleshy torus, while in the rasp- 

 berry the drupelets cohere with one another, forming a cap which 

 is separable from the cone-shaped torus. . 



A Follicle is a dry, dehiscent fruit which consists of one 

 or more separate carpels, the dehiscence being usually along the 

 ventral suture ; in Delphinium the carpels are single ; in aconite 

 there are from three to five carpels, and in star-anise (lUicium) 

 from seven to eight ; in magnolia the carpels are numerous, form- 

 ing a kind of succulent cone and dehisce along the dorsal suture. 



A Galbalus is a berry-like fruit, formed by the coalescence 

 of fleshy, open scales, as in juniper (Fig. 52). 



Hesperidium. — The fleshy, indehiscent, superior fruit of 

 citrus, as lemon and orange, is known as a hesperidium. The 

 pericarp is more or less coriaceous, and from the inner walls secre- 

 tion hairs develop, which contain sugar and an acid cell-sap, 

 these constituting the fleshy portion in which the seeds are 

 embedded. 



A Legume is an elongated, monocarpellary, usually dry, 

 dehiscent fruit, in which dehiscence takes place along both sutures, 

 the carpel thus dividing into two halves, or valves, as in the garden 



