328 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



grown in Portugal, the wine being chiefly exported from Oporto. 

 The term claret is applied to a red wine containing a small 

 amount of alcohol. Brandy is obtained by the distillation of the 

 fermented juice of the grape. Champagne is a product obtained 

 by fermenting grape juice to which other substances have been 

 added, and contains about lo per cent, of alcohol and dj per cent, 

 of carbon dioxide. Raisins are obtained from a variety of Vitis 

 vinifera containing a high percentage of sugar. In the prepara- 

 tion of raisins the ripe grapes are dried either by exposure to the 

 sun or artificial heat. In grape preserves in addition to the indis- 

 tinguishable cells of sarcocarp, raphides of calcium oxalate occur. 

 A principle resembling toxicodendrol is found in Vitis incon- 

 stans of Japan. A greenish-blue coloring principle occurs in Vitis 

 sicyoides of South America. The leaves and twigs of Virginia 

 CREEPER or American ivy {Parthenocissns quinquefolia) contain 

 tartaric acid, glycollic acid, paracatechin and inosit. 



XIX. ORDER MALV.^LES. 



This order includes several families having rather diversified 

 characters. The stamens are numerous, the sepals are valvate 

 and the placentas are axillary. 



a. FAMILY EL^OCARPACEJE.— The members of this 

 family are shrubs or trees mostly indigenous to the Tropics. 

 They are distinguished from the plants of the other families of 

 this order in not containing lysigenous mucilage canals. A prin- 

 ciple yielding hydrocyanic acid is found in Echinocarpus Sigun 

 of Java. A yellow coloring principle is found in the leaves of 

 Vallea cordifolia of Peru. A fatty oil is found in the seeds of 

 several species of Elaocarpus. A number of fruits of this family 

 are edible. Maqui Fruit is obtained from Aristotelia Maqui of 

 Chile and is used to color wine. The seeds of Sloanea dentata are 

 eaten like chestnuts in Guiana. 



b. TILIACE^ OR LINDEN FAMILY.— The plants are 

 shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves, and with white 

 flowers in cymes or panicles. In the Linden or Basswood ( Tilia) 

 the peduncles are partly adnate with the long, leaf-like bracts. 

 The fruits are dry drupes. 



