338 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



ginatus of Borneo. A resin known as " Piney resin," which is 

 used as a substitute for Dammar, is obtained from a number of 

 species of Vateria growing in India. Chaia resin is obtained 

 from Shorea rubifolia of Cochin China. The bark of Shorea 

 robusta of Northern India contains 32 per cent, of tannin. The 

 seeds of species of Shorea, Pinanga, Cysbertsiana and Isoptera 

 yield the fatty oil known in Java as Tangkawang. The seeds of 

 a number of plants of this family contain considerable starch, as 

 Vateria, Vatica and Doona. The woods of the following genera 

 are extensively used: Vatica, Shorea, and Hopea. 



g. FAMILY TAMARICACE.E.— The plants are halophytic 

 shrubs found in the desert regions of Central Asia and Mediter- 

 ranean countries and one genus (Fouqiiieria) is found in Mexico. 

 Fouquieria splendens is cultivated to some extent, and is known 

 as Ocotilla or Coach-whip Cactus. The bark contains gum, resin 

 and wax; the latter is known as Ocotilla wax and resembles 

 beeswax. The twigs of Myricaria germanica of Europe are used 

 as a substitute for hops. A manna-like sugar is formed on the 

 stems of Tamarix mannifera growing in Egypt, Arabia and 

 Afghanistan, as the result of the sting of an insect ( Coccus manni- 

 pa/rus). Tannin is found in a number of species of Tamarix as 

 well as in the galls formed on the plants, tl;ie tannin being used 

 for dyeing. A table salt is prepared from the ash of several 

 species of Reaunmria found in Northern Africa and the East 

 Mediterranean region. 



h. FAMILY BIXACE.^.— These are shrubs or trees found 

 in the Tropics, and are of intere'st chiefly on account of the seeds 

 of Bixa Orellana which furnish the coloring matter known as 

 Annatto (Orlean, Arnotta). The plant is found in tropical 

 America and also in Polynesia and Madagascar. The seeds are 

 covered with a fleshy arillus from which the coloring matter is 

 prepared by means of water. The insoluble matter is collected, 

 made into cakes and chiefly used for dyeing and coloring. Annatto 

 contains a red crystalline principle, bixin, a yellow coloring prin- 

 ciple, orellin, and an ethereal oil. The root of this plant also con- 

 tains some coloring matter. A yellow coloring principle is found in 

 Cochlospermum finctorhun of Senegambia and an aromatic resin is 

 obtained from Cochlospermum Gossypium of Ceylon and Malabar. 



