CRUDE DRUGS. 677 



Bordeaux turpentine is a product resembling American tur- 

 pentine, and is obtained from Pinus maritima and other species of 

 Pinus growing in Southern France, the resin consisting chiefly, 

 however, of the anhydride of pimaric acid. 



Austrian turpentine oil is obtained from Pinus Laric{o, 

 and apparently consists of dextro-rotatory pinene. 



The oil known as French turpentine oil is derived from 

 Pinus pinaster, and, while it resembles the American variety, con- 

 sists entirely of Isevo-rotatory pinene. 



Pine needle oil is obtained by steam distillation from the 

 leaves of Pinus pumilio, a tree of the Tyrolese Alps. It is a color- 

 less oil with an aromatic odor and taste, and contains from 5 to 

 7 per cent, of bornyl acetate, cadinene, phellandrene, pinene and 

 sylvestrine. 



Pine needle oil is also obtained to a limited extent from the 

 Scotch fir {Pinus sylvestris). The German product closely 

 resembles the oil obtained from Pinus pumilio, as probably also 

 does the Swedish oil, but the English oil is laevo-rotatory. 



PIX LIQUIDA.— TAR.— A product obtained by the destruc- 

 tive distillation of the wood of Pinus palustris and other species of 

 Pinus (Earn. Coniferse), evergreen trees (Fig. 47, B, C) indig- 

 enous to the Southern United States, particularly near the Atlantic 

 Coast and the Gulf of Mexico (p. 81). Tar is obtained by dis- 

 tillation of the wood without access of air, the tarry liquid being 

 separated from the aqueous mixture consisting of wood naphtha 

 and pyroligneous (crude acetic) acid. The amount of tar obtained 

 in the operation varies, depending on how rapidly the wood has 

 been heated. If the wood is heated slowly the yield is about 5 

 per cent., if rapidly heated it is increased to nearly 10 per cent. 



Description. — Semi-fluid, viscid, blackish-brown, non-crys- 

 talline, transparent in thin layers, becoming granular or crystal- 

 line (due to the separation of pyrocatechin) and opaque with age :. 

 odor peculiar, aromatic, taste pvmgent. Tar is soluble in alcohol, 

 fixed or volatile oils, and solutions of potassium or- sodium hydrate ; 

 it is heavier than water and sHghtly soluble in it; the solution 

 is of a pale yellowish-brown color, has an acid reaction, yields 

 with a dilute solution of ferric chloride, a reddish color, with 

 the test-solution, an olive-green color, due to the presence of 



