726 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



cloves (Fig. 312), anise (Fig. 244), orris root (Figs. 317, 320), 

 vanilla (Figs. 256, 313), tamarinds, prunes, besides other sub- 

 stances. 



27. SOLANUM CAROLINENSE (Horse nettle).— Starch 

 grains spherical, ellipsoidal, ovoid and 2- to 4-compound, varying 

 in size from 10 to 35 f/. and with distinct lamellae; non-glandular 

 hairs, stellate, i- to 2-celled; abundance of parenchyma with 

 cryptocrystalline crystals ; ducts very broad, with oblique cir- 

 cular pores closely resembling those in glycyrrhiza ; wood fibers 

 long, the walls being i to 2 /^ thick. 



b. HAIRS FEW OR WANTING. 



28. DULCAMARA. — Calcium oxalate in cryptocrystalline 

 crystals; starch grains 5 to 7 /* in diameter; acicular crystals in 

 parenchyma of bark; tracheae with bordered pores, 35 to 45 ft 

 wide, and accompanied by sclerenchymatic fibers ; an occasional 

 single bast fiber ; cork cells present. The following drugs have 

 been substituted for Dulcamara : The stems of false bittersweet 

 {Celastrus scandens) which are more woody and not hollow; 

 hop stems which are rough hairy ; and the rhizome of Saponaria 

 which is terete and wrinkled. 



II. CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS FEW OR 

 WANTING. 



A. CYSTOLITHS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE PRESENT. 



29. CANNABIS INDICA.— (See No. i.) 



30. RUELLIA. — This is a rather common adulterant of spi- 

 gelia, and somewhat resembles it, but is readily distinguished 

 from it by an effervescence on the addition of dilute hydrochloric 

 acid. This effervescence is due to the presence of cystoliths in 

 some of the cells of the cortex (Fig. 221). The cystolith-contain- 

 ing cells are spherical in transverse section and about 20 fi wide, 

 but in longitudinal view are about 80 /* long. Numerous stone 

 cells also occur ; these are thick-walled and with numerous radiate 

 simple pores. 



