POWDERED DRUGS AND FOODS. 739 



matous fibers slightly lignified and with oblique, simple or bor- 

 dered pores; tracheae nearly 0.2 mm. in diameter, short, non- 

 lignified and with simple pores ; starch grains nearly ellipsoidal, 

 7 to 15 IX. in diameter. 



64. SERPENTARIA.— Dark yellow ; tracheae lignified, spiral 

 or with simple pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers lignified ; paren- 

 chyma with yellowish or dark brown contents; starch grains 

 nearly spherical, 10 ft in diameter. The rhizome of yellow root 

 {Jeifersonia diphylla) is sometimes substituted for serpentaria, 

 from which it is distinguished by its lack of odor and by having 

 a bitter, acrid taste. 



65. BERBERIS. — Tracheae 50 /x wide, with bordered pores 

 and scalariform and reticulate thickening of the wall ; wood fibers 

 20 /i wide and with walls 8 /x thick ; medullary rays yellow, about 



9 rows wide, the cells containing starch grains which are about 



10 /x in diameter; bast fibers about 15 /x wide and with walls 4 /* 

 thick; cork cells distinct; parenchyma of cortex with brownish- 

 colored substance. 



3. Starch Grains Less Than 5 /* in Diameter. 



66. HYDRASTIS. — Bright yellow; tracheae with simple 

 pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers short, thin-walled, with simple 

 pores ; starch grains spherical, about 4 /x in diameter (Figs. 219, 

 292). 



4. Starch Grains Altered. 



67. CURCUMA.— (See No. 51.) 



B. STARCH GRAINS FEW OR NONE. 



a. CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS PRESENT. 



a In Rosette-Shaped Crystals. 



68. ANISUM. — Yellowish-brown; non-glandular hairs 25 to 

 200 IX. long and 10 to 15 /x wide, i-celled, straight or curved, with 

 numerous slight centrifugal projections ; calcium oxalate crystals 

 rosette-shaped, 2 to 3 /x in diameter, in aleurone grains about 6 /* 



