756 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



about lo fj. in diameter; starch grains somewhat spherical, about 

 ID fj. in diameter, single or 2- to 3-compdund, each with a distinct 

 cleft at the middle; stone cells nearly isodiametric, thin-walled, 

 with numerous simple pores and branched canals and nearly col- 

 orless contents ; oil-secretion reservoirs with wine-colored con- 

 tents ; oil globules numerous ; parenchymatous cells occasionally 

 lignified, and with irregular reddish-brown tannin masses, which 

 are colored greenish with ammonio-ferric sulphate solution ; non- 

 glandular hairs from 100 to 200 fi long, with very thick walls and 

 narrow lumen, particularly towards the apex. 



Allspice stems, which are always present to a greater or less 

 extent in ground Pimenta have rather characteristic unicellular 

 hairs that are somewhat swollen on one side. 



Ground allspice has been adulterated with clove stems (Fig. 

 312), cocoa shells (No. 145), and the endocarp of the olive (Fig. 

 302, G). The presence of cocoanut shells is determined by the 

 yellow stone cells, which have thick yellow walls with branching 

 pores and dark brown contents. The stone cells vary from poly- 

 gonal and isodiametric cells to cylindrical and wedge-shaped 

 forms that are quite characteristic; fragments of long, thick- 

 walled, porous fibers with accompanying stegmatic cells, each con- 

 taining a spherical, tuberculated silicious granule, are also present. 

 The dark brown fragments in the powder are not affected by 

 bleaching agents, such as Schulze's 'macerating solution. 



The various spices have been adulterated with the following 

 substances : ,The hulls of Siiiapis alba (see No. 74) ; walnut shells 

 (Jiiglans regia) which are distinguished by their colorless stone 

 cells and brown parenchyma ; and shells of the Brazil nut 

 {BerthoUetia excelsa, Fam. Myrtacese) which are identified by 

 the isodiametric stone cells with colorless walls and dark brown 

 contents, and the brown parenchyma. 



ft Oil-Secretion Reservoirs Wanting. 



114. GALLA (ALEPPO).— Dark yellow; crystals of cal- 

 cium oxalate 10 fx in diameter; starch grains 10 to 40 ft. in diam- 

 eter, single or sometimes in grottps ; stone cells ; tannin ; crystals 

 of gallic acid. 



