POWDERED DRUGS AND FOODS. 763 



b. CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS WANTING. 



a With Non-glandular Hairs. 



138. STROPHANTHUS.— Dark brown (Figs. 186; 284, A; 

 306) ; epidermal cells modified to long, i-celled, non-lignified hairs, 

 containing, in 6". Koinbe, colorless or yellowish-green granules and 

 in S. hispidus, dark brown granules; parenchyma with fixed oil 

 and aleurone grains ; starch grains ellipsoidal, 4 /* in diameter. 



^ Non-glandular Hairs Wanting. 



1. Sclerenchymatous Fibers Present. 



* Trachea Numerous. 



t Starch Grains 2 to 5 m in Diameter. 



139. CIMICIFUGA. — Brownish-black (Fig. 217) ; tracheae 

 large, scalariform or with bordered pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers 

 numerous; starch grains nearly spherical, 3 to 5 /t in diameter; 

 cells of periderm thick-walled and with reddish-brown contents. 



140. CYPRIPEDIUM.— (See No. 133.) 



141. LEPTANDRA. — Dark brown ; tracheae scalariform or 

 wkh -simple pores; sclerenchymatous fibers narrow, thick-walled, 

 with numerous simple pores ; starch grains nearly spherical, 2 to 4 

 fj. in diameter ; parenchymatous cells nearly isodiametric or elon- 

 gated, containing starch grains and a brownish-black pigment. 



142. SPIGELIA. — Brownish-black; tracheae few, lignified, 

 spiral or with simple pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers long, narrow, 

 lignified, with simple, oblique pores ; starch grains spherical, about 

 4 /u, in diameter. A not unusual substitute for spigelia is the 

 rhizome and roots of Ruellia ciliosa (Fig. 221) (No. 30). 



tt Starch Grains 5 to 15 or 20 1" in Diameter. 



143. ZINGIBER. — African and Calcutta ginger (p. 488) are 

 light brown in color, and the tissues resemble those in Jamaica 

 ginger (No. 61). 



144. TONKA. — The parenchyma cells of the cotyledons con- 

 tain numerous spherical starch grains from 4 to 9 /* in diameter ; 



