766 



BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY. 



what curved, elongated cells which lie close to one another (pali- 

 sade cells), and the walls of which are mucilaginous and stained 

 by safranin and methylene blue, the yellowish protoplasmic con- 

 tents not being affected. 



Carob Bean (Ceraionia Siliqua, Fam. Leguminosae) in a 

 ground condition is not only used as cattle food, but has been 



f i\ 





Fig. 307a. A, C, bast fibers of the bark of Cinchona succirubra; B, bast fibers of the 

 bark of Cinchona Ledgeriana; D, stone cells of Cuprea bark (Remijia ped-unculata). — After 

 Oesterle and Tschirch. 



substituted for coffee. It is distinguished by the sclerenchymatic 

 and crystal fibers, and the cells of the mesocarp, whiJi contain 

 reddish-brown, spiral masses that are colored a deep violet or blue 

 on heating with solutions of the alkalies. 



Coffee Substitutes. — ^The following are commonly em- 

 ployed: Chicory (see No. 193) ; a number of the cereals and 

 cereal products (see Nos. 236 to 245) ; and the seeds of soja 

 beans ; lupines, peas, beans and other leguminous seeds. Of the 



