POWDERED DRUGS AND FOODS. 779 



irregular, simple, oblique pores; few globules of fixed oil. (See 

 also Fig. 300, A.) The yield of aqueous extract should not be 

 less than 33 per cent. A substitute has been ofifered consisting 

 of the exhausted drug to which aloes had been added. 



191. OPIUM.— (See No. 197.) 



192. TARAXACUM. — Light brown; parenchyma containing 

 irregular crystalloidal masses of inulin ; laticif erous vessels yel- 

 lowish-brown (Fig. loi, D) ; tracheae reticulate; intermediate 

 fibers non-lignified, with irregular simple and oblique pores. 



193. CICHORIUM (or Chicory). — Irregular masses of inu- 

 lin in the parenchyma cells ; branching latex vessels from 5 to 

 10 fjL wide; trachese short, more or less cylindrical, with pointed 

 ends, from 100 to 200 fji. long and 20 to 40 jx wide, with large, 

 elliptical, simple pores. Associated with the tracheae are slightly 

 thickened, elongated parenchyma cells with narrow, oblique pores. 



194. TRITICUM. — Light brown ; tracheae lignified, with spi- 

 ral or annular thickenings or simple pores ; sclerenchymatous 

 fibers long, thick-walled, strongly lignified ; endodermal cells with 

 inner walls thickened and slightly lignified ; parenchyma with 

 irregular masses of a soluble carbohydrate. 



II. WITHOUT FIBROVASCULAR TISSUE. 

 A. WITH CELLULAR TISSUES. 



195. USTILAGO. — Grayish-brown (Figs. 22, 23) ; nearly 

 ■spherical spores 7 by 7 /a; little or no foreign substances. Spores 

 of Coprinus comatns, blackish and ellipsoidal, 5 by 10 /x. Spores 

 of Agaricus cainpcstris more brownish than those of corn smut, 

 ovoid and about 5 by 7 /n. 



196. ERGOTA. — Oil globules ; red or violet coloration in 

 chloral or sulphuric acid ; false parenchyma of compacted hyphse. 



197. OPIUM. — Brownish (Fig. 314) ; in glycerin mounts 

 showing grayish-brown, irregular granular masses 35 to 40 ix in 

 diameter ; little or no starch ; thick-walled polygonal cells of epi- 

 dermis of capsule; epidermal cells of Rumex leaves (used in 

 wrapping opium) somewhat polygonal on surface view, with ellip- 

 tical stomata about 70 /x long, having a narrow opening; frag- 

 ments of wings of Rumex fruits (used to prevent cohesion of 



