70 NATDRAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 



this one, particularly the Alder/ the fruit of which is employed in 

 veterinary medicine ; Alaternus/ E. saxatilis,^ infectorius,'^ alpinus^ 

 pwmilus ® (fig. 42). The internal bark of these plants has the same 

 properties, but is less used. Its extreme acridity in certain species, 

 as R. Frangula and sanguines, causes it to be sought after for the 

 treatment of scab in man and animals. Nearly all are tinctorial. 

 According to the degree of maturity, their fruits famish various 

 substances yellow or green. Those of R. infectorius may be sub- 

 stituted for the "Weld or Yellow-weed of dyers. From them, as 

 likewise from those of R. sazataUs, Alaternus, oleoides^ luzifolius^ 

 and amygdalinus^ the still de grain, a yellow colour used by 

 painters, is prepared. The Chinese green or lo-kao, so highly 

 esteemed, is extracted from two species of Rhamnus, which Decaisne 

 considered should be described as new, under the names of R. 

 chlorophorus and R. utilis}^ Some parts of the Buckthorns have been 

 described as astringent, particularly the leaves of Alaternus. From 

 the branches is prepared a charcoal sometimes used in the manu- 

 facture of powder and resembling that of Euonymus. Those of 

 Paliurus australis^'^ (fig. 49) furnish firewood in the south of 

 Europe, where this shrub is planted to form impenetrable hedges. 

 Very solid canes are made from them, on the thorns of which figs 

 are exposed to dry. The seeds, formerly extolled for cough, 



1 S. Fratigula L. Spec. 280. — DO. Prodr. u. species, has, however, the same properties. 

 30.— DuHAM. Arbr. (ed. 2), iii. t. 15.— Gken. * L. Spec. 280.— Ghen. et Godr. Fl. de Fr, i. 

 ot Godr. Fl. de Fr. i. 338. — Beko. et Schm. 336. — Alaternus alpinui, Mcench. 



Larst. Of. Gew. t. 19, f.— Caz. Fl. Med. Ind. « x, Mantiss. 49.— Gken. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. 



(ed. 3), 208.— Bbv. Fl. M6d. du XIXe Sieele, i. i. 337. 



193. — Frangula vulgaris Keichb. Fl. Exsc. i&i ? L. Spec. 279. — Desp. J'i.^iZ. i. 197.— Gren. 



{Bourdaine, Aune Noir, Shubarie des Faysans, et Godr. loc. cit. 337. 



Fouverne . s poin. Diet. iv. 463. — ^DC. Prodr. n. IS. 



2 E. Alaternus L. Spec. 281.— DC. Prodr. n. 1. » Desf. Fl. Atl. i. 198. 



DuHAM, op. cit.'^4S, t. 11.— Mer. et Del. Diet. lo Compt. Rend. Acad. 8c. xliv. 1141. The 



Mat. Mid. vi. 54.— H. Bn. Diet. Encycl. Sc. former {Pa-hi-lo-za of the Chinese) is the M. 



Med. ii. ZM.— Alaternus Phylica Mill. Diet. hirsutus of India. The latter {Som-ii-lo-:a) 



n. 1. Dameourney has employed the branches seems applied to as many forma as are obtained 



and leaves to dye wool and cotton. The &uit from E. catharticm. 

 gives sap-green. " Ecem. et Son. Syst. v. 342. — Gjebtn. Frtict. 



» L." Spec. 1671.— J ACQ. Fl. Austr. t. 53.— i. 203, t. 43.— P. aculeatus Lamk. HI. t. 210.— 



DC. Frodr. n. 12 ; Fl. Fr. iv. 623.— Gren. et Duham. op. cit. iii. t. 17.— DC. Prodr. ii. 22.— 



Godr. Fl. de Fr. i. 336. P. vulgaris Don. — Shamnus Paliurus L. Spec. 



* Jj. Mantiss. i9.— DC. Prodr. n. 12.— GsEN. 281.— Zizyphus Paliurus W. Spec. 1, 1103 



et Godr. Fl. de Fr. i. 336. — Lindl. Fl. Med. {Argahu, Arnavaou, Capelet, Porte-chapeau, 



167.— Gdib. op. cit. 638. —iJ. tinctoriom Mux. Chapeau d'Svegue, Spine noire, E. de Christ). It 



{Fetit-Nerprun, Epine puante). — F. tinetorius is supposed that its tranches formed the crown 



Waldst. et Kit. {PI. Far. Hung. iii. t. 256 ;— of thorns of Christ. 

 DC. Prodr. n. 11), considered as a very distinct 



