.CASTANEACE^. 



233 



kins terminated by a flower or by a small number of abortive 

 flowers, spring from the axils of the superior leaves or terminal buds. 

 In this genus, for more than an age, a number of species have been 

 described, doubtless too large, viz.,i more than four hundred;^ it may 

 be reduced by about one-third. 



The Oaks can scarcely be distinguished generically from the Chest- 

 nuts^ (fig. 189-198), trees of the same countries, the monoecious 

 flowers of which are collected in slender and elongate catkins. The 

 catkins which spring from the axils of the lower leaves are composed 



' M. A. Candolle divides it into six sections: 

 1. Lepidobalanus (Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 

 24 ; — Sobur, Cerroides, Erythrobalcmos, GalKfera, 

 Suber, Cocci f era Spaoh, Suit, a Suffon, xi. 148 ; 

 JSsculas, Ilex J. Gay). Cupule open, superior, 

 covered with, imbricate scales. Male flowers 

 without rudimentary gynsecium, with hairs in- 

 ternally. Catkins slender. Male calyx often ir- 

 regular. — 2. Androgyne (A. DC. Hot. Nouv. Car. 

 9; Frodr. 81; — Lepidobalanus Endl. (part.). 

 Cupule and male fl. as in preced. sect. Gynse- 

 cium rud. 0. Divisions of style (3-6) linear, 

 divergent. — Female flower spikes axillary basi- 

 lar, with caducous male flowers at top. Matu- 

 ration biennial (Q. &n«i^o)-» Hook, and Akn.). — 

 3. Pasania (MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. 480; Ann.Mus. 

 Lugd.-Bat. i. 108 ; A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car. 4 ; 

 — Lepidobalanus Endl. (part.) ; — Benth. Fl. 

 Hongk. 320). Cupule as in preced. sect. Gynse- 

 cium rud. globular in male flower. Male calyx 

 regular. Androecium diplostemonous. Catkins 

 erect ; three bracts under flower or glomerules. 

 — 4. Cyclobalantis (Endl. loe. cit. ; — Gyrolecana 

 Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 299. Cupnle open super., 

 covered externally with circular wrinkles, con- 

 centric or subspiral, or with folds entire or den- 

 tilate. GyusBcium rud. inmalefl. — 5. Chlamy- 

 dobalanm' (EwDi.. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 28; — 

 Castaneopsis Bl Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 228 (not 

 Don); — Enoleisocarpon Miq.). Cupule enve- 

 loping all the glands, often unequally divided, 

 covered with salient verticillate and concentric 

 folds. GynsBcium rud. in diplostemonous male 

 fl. Spikes unisexual or androgynous with female 

 flower inferior. — 6. Lithoearpus (Bl. Bijdr. 526 ; 

 Fl. Jav. Cupul. 34, t. 20 ; — Mia. Ann. Mus. 

 Lugd.-Bat. i. 106, 108;— A. DC. Prodr. 104, 

 sect. -6. Cupule thick coriaceous with external 

 oblique not numerous wrinkles or folds, infe- 

 riorly united within to the gland, which, to a 

 smaller extent, is free above. Fruit osseous. 

 Male flower and inflorescence, as in sects. 4 

 and 5. 



2 L. Spec. 1412.— Thknb'. Fl. Jap. 175. — 



Walt. Fl. Carol. 234.— W. in Act. Berol. iii. 

 396. — Ait. Sort. Kew. iii. 356. — Secondat, 

 Mim. Bist. Nat. ChH. (1785).— MiCHX. JECist. 

 Nat. Chen. Jmer. (1801). — MicHX. p. Arbr. 

 Jmer. ii. — Bosc. Juurn. Hist. Nat. ii. 319. — 

 Ten. Cat. JSort. Nap. 1819), 65.— H. B. Plant. 

 Mquin. 24, t. 76-96.— Bl. Bijdr. 618; Fl. Jm. 

 fasc. 13, 14 {CupuUf.),t 1.-19,20 [Lithoearpus); 

 Mus. Lugd.-Bat i. 296. — Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 

 57.— EoxB.irori. Beng. 113 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 634.— 

 LouK. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 571. — Sm. Sees 

 Cyclop, n. 20, 23. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Armr. ii. 159 ; 

 Icon. t.380, 403.— Gcss. Fl. Sic. ii. 604.— Buend. 

 Trees of Jllin. 20. — Liebm. Egesl. 12. — Bonplan- 

 dia, iii. 38, 52. — Maht. et Gal. Bull. Bru'x. x. 

 n. 3. — Cham, et Sohltl, Linntea (1830), 78. — 

 Benth. PL. Sartwrg. So, 90, 348 ; Fl. Hongk. 

 321. — Hook, and Arn. Beech. Vog. Bot. 394. — 

 Wangbnh. Ainer. 78. — Torr. Silgrme. Exp. 

 Zuni, 173, t. 19.— A. Gray, Bot. Mem. 406; 

 Man. ed. 5, 450.— Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 420.— 

 A. Rich. Fl. Cub. t. 73. — Nees, Keen, et Sims 

 Ann. Bot. ii. 100. — Kellog, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 

 36.— C. Gay, Fl. Chil. v. 396.— Seem. Voy. Re- 

 rald. Bat. 251, 333.— KoRTH. Verh. Nat. Gesch. 

 Bot. 208.— Mia._ Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 844.— 

 Hance, HooJc. Journ. (1849), 176 ; Ann. Se. Nat. 

 ser. 4, xviii. 229. — Bge, Enum. 61. — Jaue, et 

 Spach, III. Fl. Or. i. 108, t. 54-58.— Fisoh. et 

 Mey. Hohen. Enum. Tahjsch. 29. — C. A. Mey. 

 Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 44. — Kotsohy, Eich. Europ. 

 und Or. (1858-62).— Stev. Verz. Tnur. Halb. 

 307. — C.Koch, Lin.ncea,xxii. 319, 328. — Lindl. 

 Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. 59, t. 37. — P(ech, Enum. PI. 

 Cypr. 12. — "Webb, It. Hisp. 10. — Santi, Viag. 

 Tosc. i. 156, t 3. — Carkuth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 

 vi. 32. — Gren. et Godr. Fl.de Fr. iii. 115. 



' Castanea T. Inst. 584, t. 352. — GvErtn. 

 Fruct.'i. 181, t. 37.— Lamk. i)«o<. i. 708; Suppl. 

 ii. 203 ; III. t. 782, fig. 1.— Turp. Diet. Sc. Nat. 

 Atl. t. 304, 305.— Nees, Gen. ii. 25.— Spach, 

 Suit.& Bufon, xi. 186.— Endl. Gen. n. 1848; 

 Suppl. iv. p. ii 29. — A.DC. Fr^dr. xvi. sect. ii. 

 113. 



