CASTANEAOEjE. 237 



to separate from this genus, otherwise than as a section, C. chry- 

 sophyllay a Californian species, and a certain number of species of 

 tropical and subtropical Asia, such as C. indica, javanica, and about 

 ten others,^ of which the genus Castanopsis^ has been made, and 

 which, intimately connecting the Oaks and the true Chestnuts, differ 

 only from the latter in the number of cells in their ovary, reduced 

 to three. Sometimes the involucre of the fruit, dehiscent or indehis- 

 cent, is covered with numerous crowded prickles, inserted apparently, . 

 in the adult stage, over the entire extent of its surface ; and some- 

 times, as in C. sumatrana, type of a genus Callceocarpus,^ the prickles 

 are conical and spread regularly over three prominent surfaces or 

 form horizontal or oblique series. In these species the leaves are 

 sometimes entire and sometimes dentate. Thus constituted,^ the 

 genus Castanea comprises seventeen or eighteen species.^ 



The Beeches'^ (fig. 199-206) were formerly included in the same 

 genus as the Chestnuts. They have their monoecious flowers.^ The 

 males are formed of a gamosepalous subcampanulate calyx, divided 

 above into a number of lobes varying from four to nine, and of an 

 equally variable number (six to eight) of stamens, with a free slender 

 exserted filament in the centre of the flower, and a bilocular extrorse 

 anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.^ The female flowers, in 

 number from one to three, are enclosed in a common four-lobed 

 involucre covered externally with projections of very variable form, 

 sometimes foliaceous, sometimes representing superposed layers more 

 or less deeply cut, or again, as in our common beech, having the 

 appearance of long and slightly rigid prickles, at least in the upper 



' Hook. Journ. of Bot. (1843), 496 j Bot. 49 III. t. 782.— G^rtn. Fruet. i. 182, t. 37.— 



Mag. t. 4953. Nees, Gen. ii. 24. — Mibb. Mim. Mus. xiv. t. 



' Forming the sect. Emastanopais A. DC. 23-26. — Spach, Suit. & Buffon, xi. 194i — ^Endl. 



{Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. 109). Gm. n. 1847 ; Suppl. iv. p. ii. 29. — Pater, 



' Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 56 (Quercus sect, not Fam. Nat. 165. — A. DO. Frodr. xvi. sect. ii. 



Bl.). — Spach, iSuit. a Buffon, xi. 1851 — A. DC. 117. — Galusparasms Hombe. et. Jacquin. Toy. 



Seem. Jowrn. of Bot. (1863), 128; Frodi: loc. oil. au Fole Sud. Bot. Fhmir. t. 6 S, 7 T, 8 T.— 



■1 Mia. Fl. Jungh. i. 13 ; Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. 868. Galucechinus Hombk. et Jacouin. loc. cit. t. 6 0, 



(part.); Ann. Mus. Zugd.-Bat. i. US. — A. DC. 7Z,8n. — JVoihofagus'BL.Mus.Zugd.-Bat.i.SOe. 



Prodr. 112. — Lophozonia Tuecz. Bull. Moic. (1858), i. 



5 c ^ Eucastanea. s Here and there they are hermaphrodite, 



Castaxea < - Castanopsis (Don). with some epigynoua stamens, sterile or fertile 



sect. 3. (. 3 Calleeocarpus (Miq.). (Schinzl. Bot. Zeit. (1850), t. 745, t. 8, fig. 1). 



« See p. 233, note 3. Eoxb. Fl. Ind! iii. 643. 9 According to H. Mohl (Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 



— Bh. Bijdr. 525 ; Fl. Jav. i2,t. 22. 2, iii.. 312), the pollen is "spherical; three 



' Fagus T. Inst. 584, t. 351. — L. Gen. (ed. 1), narrow bands, with large umbilioa surrounded 



n. 728 (part.). — Lamk. Diet. iii. 125 ; Suppl, iii. hy a narrow halo. Fagus syhatica." 



