67 



Although these trees are carrying verj^ lieavj' crops they liave made good 

 healtliy top growth ensiu-ing a good sap flow. Figure 72 ihustrates the quantity 

 of fruit these leaders are carrying, while Figui'e 73 shows the quantity on the 

 older portion of one of the leaders. This method causes some inconvenience 

 in_oultivation, etc., until the old leaders are out back, but it gives very satisfactory 

 results if properly carried out. If this system is not followed, just as good results 

 can be obtained by followmg the ordinary methods of pruning. The main arms 

 must be thrown as wide as possible in the first few years' pruning, taking advantage 

 of every outside lateral suitable for throwing out the tree and increasing the number 

 of leaders. The leaders, as soon as they are strong enough, and as soon as sufficient 



Fig. 73. 

 .Showing a limb of Kieffer 



s heavily laden. 



have been obtained, should not be headed back but allowed to go unpruned. This 

 can generally be done by the fifth year. They must be brought back again the 

 following winter to strengthen them, repeating this p)rocess if necessary until fruit- 

 ing habits are formed. The laterals should be both summer and winter pruned 

 to encourage fruiting spurs to develop, otherwise it takes years to develop them. 

 LTnconnue, Beurre Capiaumont, Gansells, Winter and Madam Coles, Jar- 

 gonelle, Glou Morceau, Beurre Bosc, Josephine, Clapp's Favourite, Beurre Clair- 

 geau, and others can all be formed with a wide base and built up in the same manner, 

 but special attention must be gi-\'en to the manner in which they carry their spurs, 

 for many of these varieties can be made to carry their fruit on the laterals. No 



