BRIEF OUTLINE OF INFLUENCE OF 

 GREEK BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 



Christian Fathers, including St. Augustine, (354-430) — 



Teleological view of the human body. 

 Abstractions from Galen: 



Oribasius (325-423), 



Paulus of Aegina (625-690), 



Alexander of Tralles (525-605), zealous Galenists. 

 Hippocrates and Galen, in Arabic (almost slavish 

 devotion) : 



Rhazes, (c. 850-c. 923), in theory a Galenist, in prac- 

 tice, Hipp ocra tic; 



Avicenna (980-1037); the "Canon,'' based on Galen; 



Avenzoar (Hispano-Arabic, c. 1072-1162), disciple of 

 Galen; 



Averroes (1126-1198), through whom Aristotelian 

 science became known in Europe during the Middle 

 Ages; shook some doctrines of Galen. 

 Translations of Hippocrates and Galen, from Arabic into 

 Latin: e.g. 



Constantine (monk at Monte Cassino) fio87, 



Gerard of Cremona, tn85, 



Mark of Toledo, c. 1200. 

 No translation of Aristotle's Historia Animalium, or of 

 the De Generatione Animalium, of Hippocrates' De 

 Generatione, or of Theophrastus' De Plantis reached 

 the earlier Middle Age; knowledge of these works 

 might have led to a rediscovery of Nature, centuries 

 earlier, and would have altered the intellectual history 

 of Europe. 

 Learned revival of 13th century: translations, from the 

 Arabic, but also from the Greek, of texts of Hippo- 



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