FORESTRY IN GERMANY. 77 



the government forest of his district. Likewise under the immediate com- 

 mand of the Ministry of Finance is the forstrentbeamte (treasurer^ of forest 

 rent), who has charge of all the forest revenues and expenses of his district. 



Every government forest district is commanded by an oberfbrster (head 

 forester). These head men are the executive officers, who, aided by subordi- 

 nate assistants and auxiliaries, exercise the office of managing the district 

 intrusted to their care. 



The. forsteiiirichtungs director (director of forest arrangements), also subor- 

 dinate to the Ministry of Finance, commands, assisted by forest engineers, 

 candidates and aspirants for the office of superintendent of forests, visits the 

 forests with them, and gives practical outdoor instruction of all branches of 

 forestry, from planting to harvesting the timber. He devises all plans for 

 improvements in forestry, particularly their economical management. 



FOREST REVENUES. 



The last accounts exhibited : 



Revenue from 429,600 acres of area and 799,000 forest-yards of hard wood, in- 

 cluding SSjOOO revenue from the chase ^2,740,000 



For maintenance $55 ' >°°° 



For management 372,750 



Total expense 023,750 



Leaving a profit of. ;Si,8i6,25o 



FOREST CULTURE. 



The Saxon forests, in the mountains as well as in sandy low grounds, 

 consist for the most part of pine and fir. Extensive forests of foliage trees, 

 especially oak and beech, are found only in flat land. 



As to culture, both planting and sowing are adopted. Planting, however, 

 is most prevalent. 



In planting the number of plants per acre depends upon the method 

 used in setting ; generally, however, 60 different plants (from 2 to 5 years 

 old) are regarded as the proper number. 



The following is the manner of planting : 



1. Larch on dry grotmd, either in small bundles (2 or 3 pieces) or in 

 clusters, the ground well worked and pulverized. 



2. Planting in furrows in loose ground. The surface of the ground (of a 

 required breadth) is removed in strips, and in this uncovered soil, at certain 

 distances, furrows or grooves are made into which the plants are set equi- 

 distant from each other. 



3. Planting on hills, in sod, covered or humid places, when necessary, 

 with the liberal use of garden mold. 



Sowing is done in furrows of 4 to 5 yards in breadth and i to 2 yards 

 apart, in loose and fertile ground. 



The seeds are placed in drills made in well-worked furrows. The furrows 

 are in most instances hoed in the preceding autumn. 



