78 FORESTRY IN GERMANY. 



In sowing, which is done of both pure and mixed seed, lo to 12 pounds 

 of seed per acre are used. 



Along with sowing wood seed or setting wood plants suitable patches of 

 ground are portioned off for the cultivation of grain. 



FOREST SCHOOLS. 



Forest Academy of Tharandt. Besides this are committees of examina- 

 tion of candidates for appointments in the government forest service and 

 committee for experiments in forestry. 



1. For appointments as _;?'rrf^r (forester), oberforster (hcaA forester), or 

 oberforstmeister (head steward of a forest, as well as for a professor in the 

 institute, is required : 



. a. A healthy constitution and free from any defect, especially of the 

 eyesight. 



b. Certificate of passing examination at a public high school or an educa- 

 tional institute of equal rank. • , 



c. A half year's (practical) preparatory education in a government forest 

 district. 



d. Completion of a course of instruction, comprising five terms, at the 

 forest academy of Tharandt. 



e. Having passed the last examination on leaving the academy a three 

 years' supplementary study by the candidate in a government forest district, 

 or the third or last year at the Institute for the Establishment and Cultiva- 

 tion of Forests. 



/. Passing another examination, ascertaining the candidate's practical 

 knowledge and qualification required for any post in forestry. 



g. After this examination of the candidate he studies up to the time of 

 his actual appointment in a government forest district or in the ofiSce of an 

 oberforstmeister (head steward of a forest). He must have directed during 

 several years the office of an oberforster (head forester), and obtain knowledge 

 of diplomacy and political economy. 



2. For the appointment as unterforster (underforester) is required : 



a. He must be 15 years of age. 



b. Healthy constitution, free from any defects, particularly his eyesight. 



c. Possession of good intellectual capacities, and sufficient school education. 



d. A three years' apprenticeship in a government forest district. 



e. A five years' education as assistant. 



/. Examination and continued study of his vocation up to the time of 

 actual appointment. 



DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS. 



The causes of forest destruction are: 



a. Insects. 



b. Natural occurrences, such as snow-breaks, windfalls, &c. 



c. Injudicious management ; increase of the calamity caused by destructive 

 beetles, and, in consequence thereof, forced sales of timber at under prices. 

 Sudden changes from uniformity, warmth and humidity in temperature. 



