86 FORESTRY IN GERMANY. 



Stands and grundherrenwalder ; that is forests owned by nobles or land- 

 lords : 



Hectares. 



Landlords, &c 59,099-17 



Other private persons 121,548.24 



Total 180,648.01 



FOREST REGULATIONS. 



-All woods and forests in the Grand Duchy are carefully and thoroughly 

 supervised and inspected. No part must remain uncultivated. All unneces- 

 sary paths, ways, &c., must be filled in and planted. No kind of freedom in 

 the woods or forests is allowed to the people. In private woods the cultiva- 

 tion of the same is allowed to the owner, but the owner is bound, under 

 the law, to observe the statutes, even in his own woods, relating to the 

 cutting, preparing, or carrying aWay of wood from the foirest by night; also 

 the statutes relating to the sale of wood. He is also bound by law to have 

 his woods measured and surveyed, marked with stones for boundary lines, 

 and a full description of the same made. Private owners are further forbid- 

 den to cut down their forests wholly ; to destroy or endanger them without 

 the permission of the highest authorities to do so. Any manner of treatment 

 or cultivation contrary to the statutes, or by which the forest may be injured, 

 will not be allowed even to private owners. 



Owners of private woods and forests are cornpelled by law to so cultivate 

 their forests that they will never fall below a certain standard. Should the 

 owner fail, either by entire neglect or by careless cultivation, then the state 

 foresters will step in and take the forests from the hands of their owners and 

 place them both, forests and men, under proper treatment. In these forests 

 pasturage is also permitted, yet the cattle must not be driven to pasture 

 before sunrise nor allowed to remain after sunset. Further, the trees in 

 hochwalder, that is woods where the trees grow from seeds, and do not' grow 

 up again where stumps have been left for a second or third growth, the leaf 

 trees must have attained an age of 35 years, and needle-bearing trees must 

 have attained 30 years. In niederwalder, or woods which spring up from 

 stumps, the hardwood trees must have attained 25 years ; ash, alder, birch, 

 and soft woods in general, 1 2 years before cattle will be allowed to pasture 

 among them. The pasturing of sheep and goats, because of their destroying 

 propensities, is forbidden. In the state, town and corporation forests the 

 pasturage is allowed only to parties possessing rights thereto secured by law, 

 and these parties are bound to a full observance of all the statutes and regula- 

 tions relating to the same. 



THE CARE OF THE TREES. 



In spring, about the month of April, the seeds are sown in the "seed 

 school" in beds, arranged in rows which are about three or four inches (10 



