FORESTRY IN GERMANY. 87 



centimeters) apart. The young shoots remain' in these beds two years, and 

 are then transplanted to the "plant school" and arranged regularly in beds. 

 From these beds they are taken at the age of from four to six years, depend- 

 ing upon the kind of tree, and planted in the woods or forests. When the 

 wood has attained a safe growth the soft wood, thornwood, &c., are cut away 

 and the whole wood cleared of underbrush. This manipulation of the 

 forest will be repeated every four years, and continued until the young trees 

 have gained the ascendancy, as it were, over all the other roots, in the 

 woods. Then the trees are allowed to grow to full maturity without "much 

 further special care, and at the age of from 80 to 150 years, or when well 

 developed, the trees are cut down and assigned and prepared for the various 

 uses and purposes of life. 



ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FOREST BUREAUS. 



In the Bundesstaaten, or in each of the United States of Germany, the 

 state government has control of the organization of its forest bureau and 

 government. In the Grand Duchy of Baden the control of the woods and 

 forests is centered in what is known as the " domanen direction. " The juris- 

 diction of this bureau or body extends, (i) over all the state forests, farms 

 and building; (2) over all taxes, liens, &c., on forests; it must decide as to 

 the competency of "liens and rights" to build made out in favor of churches, 

 schools, &c.; (3) it must exercise control over the cultivation of the town 

 and corporation forests, and direct and control every new experiment made 

 in relation to cultivating the forests ; (4) it must also control the entire for- 

 est and mountain police system. The Ministry of Finance has control, in 

 the name of the state, over the forests in all respects except over the forest 

 and mountain police system, which is under the direction and control of the 

 Ministry of the Interior. 



The domain direction finds local representation through district foresters 

 and certain appointed subordinate representatives ; the care of all govern- 

 mental buildings are under the direct care of the district inspectors of build- 

 ings. The district foresters have the management and cultivation of the state 

 forests to care for, the oversight of town and corporation forests in the mat- 

 tec of cultivation, and in all woods and forests over the police system, and 

 all judicial actions brought before the courts relating to the woods or forests, 

 the carrying out of punishment in all such cases. For this purpose the state 

 and district attorneys will render them assistance. At present there are 2,423 

 wood guards on duty. 



The domain verwaltung is an administrative body which attends specially 

 to the cultivation of the forests. The " Kameral-domanen and Bezirks 

 Kasse" is a finance department which has charge of all money matters relat- 

 ing to the forests. 



