88 FORESTRY IN GERMANY. 



INCOME FROM GOVERNMENT FORESTS. 



I gather the following from the statistics issued by the grand ducal gov- 

 ernment in 1884. The income may be stated as follows : 



For wood M. 4,091,200 



Forest products, nuts, &c 235,056 



Fines, &c 4.067 



Fees for privilege of hunting 26,793 



Other rights, &c 2,352 



All miscellaneous income 2,032 



Total M. 4,361,500 



Expenses : 



For keeping district and town roads M. 114,277 



Turnpike roads 81,009 



Wood given to parties having claims 7,315 



Wood given out of good will 4,615 



Forest products given to parties with "rights" 45,339 



Products given out of good will 14,319 



Miscellaneous gifts 1,728 



Pay to wood guard 191,489 



For making and keeping boundaries 5,085 



For making road for carrying out wood 250,498 



For cultivating the forests 136,127 



For the preparation of wood and forest products 746,566 



For rneasuring and valuing the same 13,522 



Miscellaneous , qa^j 



Total M. 1,615,885 



Recapitulation. 



Total income M. 4,361,500 



Total expenses 1,615,885 



Leaving a net gain for the year 1884 of M. 2 745 615 



The profit or benefit to a country from the building and care of woods 

 and forests is twofold, that is, there is direct and indirect profit. The indirect 

 is to be measured (i) by the broad influence exercised by woods and forests 

 over the warmth or temperature of the air ; (2) in the mighty power they 

 exert in breaking the force of strong, and many times destructive, winds ; 



(3) in the manifold blessings derived from their influence in increasing the 

 moisture of the air and thereby increased amount of rain to help cultivation ; 



(4) the principal profit is to be found in the influence wielded by woods and 

 forests in increasing the fruitfulness of a country. Th^ woods and forests 

 draw from the air millions of tons of carbonic acid. In the mysterious alem- 

 bics or laboratories of nature acids, valuable to all animal life, are prepared 

 and scattered abroad with a bounteous hand ; their sweet exhalations purify 

 and sweeten the air, making it healthy and strengthening for man. The 

 direct value or profit to be derived from building and caring for forests con- 

 sists of a vast number of indispensible articles of daily use and in the means 

 aff'orded by woods and forests for a hundred industries giving employment 

 to hundreds of thousands of poor but industrious people. 



