200 FORESTRY IN SWITZERLAND. 



the federal forest districts (mountains or Alps), and the forests outside of this 

 district are under the cbntrol of the respective cantonal governments. The 

 federal forest inspector is vested with the power to see to the observance and 

 enforcement of the forest police laws and regulations both of the confedera- 

 tion and the cantons. In all the cantons, with the exception of Basle Land, 

 Basle City, and Geneva, there is a chief forester, under whom the entire ad- 

 ministration is placed. In addition to him nearly every large city and com- 

 mune have special skilled and educated foresters, for the more careful atten- 

 tion to their local forests. All, however, are subject to the orders and the im- 

 mediate direction of the cantonal chief forester, as he is subject to the au- 

 thority of the federal department of forestry. 



FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION. 



The Swiss Confederation derives no revenues from forests. It does not 

 possess any forests, but has undertaken in certain districts the administration 

 of the forest laws, and while reserving as to all some general controlling 

 power, intrusts to state and local authorities the enactment and execution of 

 their own forest laws. The cantons own but a small portion of the forests, 

 the greater part being the property of communes, corporations and private 

 individuals. The quantity of wood which can be taken annually from these 

 forests with a proper regard to their efficient preservation, in all of its varied 

 purposes, is estimated at 2,789,000 cubic meters. 



Of this is credited to the state forests, 156,000; to the commune and cor- 

 poration forests, 1,859,000, and to private forests 774,000. 



The amount permitted to be taken per hectare, or for every 10,000 square 

 meters, from the state forests, is 4. 75 cubic meters ; for the commune and cor- 

 poration, 3.57 cubic meters, and from the private forests, 3.37 cubic meters, 

 or an average of 3.57 cubic meters. From the total wood taken annually 40 

 per cent, is for lumber and 60 per cent, for fuel. The first has an average 

 value of 16 francs per cubic meter, the other of 9.25 francs; the total value 

 of wood taken from the forests amounting therefore to 33,179,000 francs, at 

 11.92 francs per cubic meter, and yielding 42.13 francs per hectare. 



The above estimates apply to the wood in. the forests. 



The income from the state forests of the canton of Berne, with a ground 

 valuation of 13,500,000 francs, amounts to 700,000 francs. From this, 

 however, must be deducted the following items: For harvest expenses, 

 136,000 francs; supervision of forest, 35,000 francs; cultivation, 21,000 

 francs; roads and supports, 28,000 francs; taxes to the state and commune, 

 86,000 francs; administration, 55,000 francs; total expenses, 361,000 francs; 

 leaving a balance of 339,000 francs as a net income. 



PLANTING OF TREES. 



Since the federal forest law was passed, covering the years 1878-1885, in- 

 clusive, there have been used for new planting in the federal forest district pine 

 and non-foliage shoots, of which there are some eleven varieties, 42,197,796, 



