FORESTRY IN SWITZERLAND. 213 



77. The right to wood broken off by wind, snow, or exlialations only cover such pieces as 

 are entirely broken off from the trunks, and in no case the portion of the trunk remaining stand- 

 ing with its roots in the earth, or trunks merely bent or displaced, or branches hanging to the 

 the trunk. Trees torn up by the roots may be classed as "windfall" when broken in two by 

 the fall. The rights mentioned in this article do not extend to cases where, by reason of storm, 

 snow, or exhalations, whole stretches of forests are laid waste, or where a large number of 

 tree trunks at one point are levelled or depressed. 



78. The right to dead, withered standing wood includes only such trees and saplings as 

 have become withered without any outward cause effected by human E^ency. The forest 

 owner is directed to designate certain days for the pointing out and removal of withered wood. 



79. When, in consequence of damage by snow, wind, insects, or other natural causes, wood 

 in great quantities dies or falls off, the owner of a privilege to gather such is entitled to demand 

 no more than he requires for one year's use. 



80. By the term " Lager hohrecht" (right to wood for storage) is understood the right to 

 carry away dead wood from large or small trunks which have fallen of themselves. 



81. The right to stump-wood is limited to that part of the tree, with roots, still projecting 

 above the earth after the chopping or cutting away of the trunk ; but it never includes stumps 

 or roots from which shoots are to be used for replanting the forest. Digging up of the stump 

 must occur in the year following the felling of the tree. In clearings with overgrowth, in 

 young growths, and on steep slopes it must not occur at all. In digging out stumps no injury 

 must be done to the trees in close proximity thereto. The owner of the privilege is required 

 to fill up the stump-holes with earth and to level them off. 



82. The extent of chip and waste-wood privileges and the conditions to which the owner 

 thereof must conform are stated in article 60. 



PASTURE RIGHTS. 



83. A pasture right embraces the right of grazing by cattle, but not the right to use the 

 grass by mowing, cutting, or pulling up. An owner of a pasture right cannot claim the right 

 to use the grass instead of the right to pasturage. Such owner can drive to pasture only his 

 own cattle, "belonging to the working of his farm, but no strange cattle, or cattle bought for 

 trading. He may not, moreover, transfer his right to others. 



84. The following regulations, outside of those prescribed in article 61, are valid in the 

 exercise of pasture rights, viz.: 



(a) The use of forest pasturage begins with the month of May and ends with the end of 

 September. 



{!)) During protracted rainy weather forest pastur^e is not allowed. 



(c) When the way leading to a pasture district passes through a district closed to pasturage, 

 such way must be marked out by the forest owner. 



{d) The herdsman, as representing the owner of the pasture right, is responsible for cattle 

 straying into those parts of the forest which are to be protected, i. t-., in so far as he does not 

 at once pursue them and bring them back to the herd. 



RIGHTS TO LEAVES AND LITTER. 



85. The right to leaves and litter embraces the privilege of gathering fallen leaves and pine 

 needles and moss for the gatherer's own use. This right can only be exercised from the end 

 of August up to the falling of the new leaves, and under the rules prescribed in article 62, b 

 and c. 



RIGHT TO GATHER NUTS. 



86. The provisions of article 65 are valid in regard to the extent and exercise of this right. 



PIT RIGHTS. 



87. The right to dig out sand, clay, stone, gravel, &c., is coupled with the following regu- 

 lations, viz.: 



(a) The owner of the right shall only dig for what is stated in his title. 



