236 FORESTRY IN SWITZERLAND. 



every township has a nursery which it maintains. For the management of these nurseries, as 

 well as for putting into operation the other feature of this method, the employment of a prac- 

 tical forester or gardener is recommended. 



5. In making up the list given further on, only such species of trees and bushes are con- 

 sidered as — ■ 



(a) Those which can stand the climate of Northern Switzerland. 



(6) Those which develop a rapid, copious and sturdy growth of roots. 



[c) Those which grow easily on river banks require no rich soil, and can hold out, even 

 for a considerable period, against inundations. 



((/) Those which require no great care, and which are of a kind yielding a certain quan- 

 tity of wood. 



6. Seed and slips are to be planted from 30 to 45 centimeters deep, varying according to 

 the sunny or frosty nature of the locality, and the openings should be carefully refilled with 

 good earth and at sunny spots covered with leaves or branches. For shoots, a deep hole of 30 

 to 45 centimeters should be made and widened out with a pointed iron, and the shoot then 

 carefully placed deep down in it, with the eyes upward; the space should be then filled in with 

 good earth and pressed down. The intervals between the plants and rows may be made from 

 a meter to a meter and a half, according to whether one or several plants are set out in one 

 opening. For shoots, an interval of 60 to 80 centimeters suffices. 



7. Bushes with thick stocks such as alders, birches, acacias, &e., should be cut every six 

 to ten years, in order to make their roots spread out in all directions vrith greater strength, 

 thereby contributing to render the ground compact about them. 



8. The planted spots should be gone over yearly and in the fall reinforced with new slips 

 or shoots wherever from any cause those originally set out are backward. In public enclosures 

 the person intrusted with the planting should be bound by guarantee to do this replanting at 

 his own cost, but should at the same time be so paid for his work as to enable him to assume 

 this, to a certain extent, unavoidable risk. 



9. Although as between steep declivities and level river banks the process of planting is 

 entirely different, yet this difference will, from the nature of circumstances, make itself appar- 

 ent to a practical and experienced planter, so that it is only necessary here to refer to the 

 collective instructions below. 



10. In putting down osier work and fascines, care should be taken, regardless of subse- 

 quent planting, that the entire material used is chosen from the same species of wood and that 

 it is put into the ground at the times when the sap is out of it, that is, between late fall and 

 spring. 



Commenting on these simple preventive measures the author goes on to 

 say that if they are carefully carried out two or three years will suffice to fur- 

 nish a compact and indestructible growth of bushes in lieu of the expense of 

 annual- renewal and repairs. Instances can, in fact, be pointed out where 

 constructions of this character, very light and without any masonry, iui put 

 down at the proper time, have, by means of the dense overgrowth upon them, 

 acquired a compactness which nothing can sever. What a saving is here ! 

 Instead, as has been customary, of using timbers and osier-work to hold 

 masonry together, why not impart to this wooden ligature a living and grow- 

 ing strength when it costs so little and is so easily provided ? It will, of 

 course, be understood that where good stone can be had masonry is preferable, 

 and that in running waters, carrying down at times great pieces of rocks, no 

 osier-work is available as a means of protection. Still in many cases a dense 

 planting of the shores with strong and suitable trees, in single or double 

 rows (alternately covering each other's gaps), is not to be rejected, and the 



