FORESTRY IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 25 I 



States, except, perhaps, in expense, the cost of a thousand plants two years 

 old in the state nurseries being but from i to 2 florins. 



Coniferous forests are renewed altogether from the nurseries, and much of 

 the above applies especially to them. 



In the schools of forestry the students, under competent instructors, pre- 

 pare themselves for examination in — 



1 . Mathematics to the extent required for surveying and measurement, calculation of income 

 and profit of the annual products of the forests. 



2. Technical computation as to cost of felling and preparing for the market timber and 

 fuel, charcoal, tar, resin, transportation, the utilizing of bark, valuable leaves, sumac, &c., also 

 the comparative profits. 



3. Forest economy, embracing such topics as feUing, pasturage, &c. 



4. Establishing, renewing and preserving forests. 



5. Botany, so fsir as relates to forests and zoology so far as relates to wild animals and 

 game generally. 



6. Elements of chemistry. 



7. Geology and mineralogy so far as they apply to forestry. If after a three years' course 

 in these studies in the gymnasium and schools of technology, the student passes his examina- 

 tions with success, he can proceed to the study of forest law at Vienna in a department of the 

 university organized for this purpose. 



These theoretical studies are supplemented by one or two years of service 

 in some provincial bureau, and the applicant must pass another rigorous ex- 

 amination before he is admitted into the "profession," so to speak, and 

 begins his career as a public official. 



6. The declivities of the Austrian mountains are in general so steep that 

 when denuded of trees [there is rarely any hope of reafforestation, for the 

 effects of the sun, frost, melting snows, and rains are too rapid and powerful 

 upon the scanty soil to permit young trees to obtain sufficient strength to 

 bind the earth and secure a footing. Forest iires — hapily rare here — and in- 

 discriminate, unlimited felling are equally destructive in such positions. 

 The soil is washed away, landslides occur and carry desolation into the val- 

 leys below. In Dalmatia the renewal of a forest is an exception rather than 

 a rule. 



7. The Austrian shores of the Adriatic are, in general, bold, abrupt and 

 precipitous ; almost free from dunes, and therefore offer little on the subject. 

 Dunes are found in Hungary, and are ambushed by planting trees, such as 

 robinie and pinosyloestre. 



The sandy ground near the sea in the Austrian-litoral (near Grado) is 

 planted with the German tamarix, pinus pinaster sol. and pinus ginia I. 



HENRY W. GILBERT, 



Consul, 



United States Consulate, 



Trieste, May 7, 1887. 



