14 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
on it the moving person operates. To the left side of the 
head there is attached a string of logs, joined end to end, 
where they are hewn thin, and through a hole about an inch 
in diameter they are tied together with twigs twisted like a 
rope, each end of this being twisted or tied up into a knot 
not likely to slip. One log is thus added to another, and 
thus with another and another, until a sufficient length 
_ has been prepared. When the last is attached to the right 
side of the head and there is formed an extensive loop or 
circle of connected loys—a chain, of which these are the 
links. This is called the body of the koshel/l, and into the 
interior of this circle are tumbled, without any determined 
order, the logs which are to be floated away. Into these 
lake koshells there are put from 4000 to 8000 or 10,000 
logs ; and sometimes, as a prevention against 1upture in a 
storm, there is superadded to the encompassing chain of 
logs a thick rope. 
‘The sea koshell differs somewhat from the lake koshell. 
The head consists not of one layer, but of several layers of 
logs, either laid in alternate directions, or, if all be in one 
direction, bound very firmly by cross logs. Short logs 
are generally employed, the so-called seven arch/ne logs, 
about 16 feet long, What is of first importance in these 
is their power of resistance, as they are frequently sub- 
-jected to the strain of severe storms, and in view of this, the 
‘logs in the body of the koshell are all laid in regular rows. 
The first row following the head may consist of 45 logs, 
the second of 50, the third of 60, and so on, increasing till 
the row in the middle of the body may consist of 150 logs, 
after which the number in each successive row diminishes, 
till the body presents the outline of a lengthened ellipsis. 
Besides this, in several places the ends of the body are 
connected by means of logs fastened across them, so as to 
keep the koshell more compact. oshells formed thus can 
withstand very severe storms, They may contain from 
1200 to 3000 logs, but not more. 
‘Such hoshells are generally towed by steamers; and to 
show how much cheaper the floatage of timber by koshells 
