18 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
including the destruction of forests; and other penalties 
are incurred by their carelessness. The damages are 
likely to be exacted when there is some probability of 
payment being obtained; but it appeared to me that the 
landed proprietors did not really care to do much in the 
matter, as though forests are more profitable than is 
regular agriculture, some compensation might be obtained 
by a few years crops from the cleared ground; and there- 
after the trees would grow again. 
To extinguish forest fires there are adopted the usual 
plans of beating with boughs the fire advancing in the 
grass, cutting lanes, across which the fire may be unable 
to spread, and burning a small portion of forest in advance 
of the conflagration, keeping the new fire under control, 
and extinguishing it when a small space has been cleared. 
According to one informant, after a forest had been 
burnt, the same kind or kinds of trees as had grown there 
before spring up rapidly ; according to another informant, 
the new crop was generally birch. I consider both reports 
correct, each in regard to the district in which my inform- 
ant resided. 
When a forest is to be burnt for Sevanje or Sartage, 
if there be any valuable trees there, these are first felled 
and removed. In no case is any provision made for the 
reproduction of the forest, this is left entirely to nature. 
Towards nightfall we reached Kuopia, which stands on 
the shore of Lake Kalaawesi. It is a large but uninterest- 
ing town, with a population of 5600 inhabitants. It was 
founded in 1776. ‘There is a pretty park on an island of 
Lake Wippita Niemi; and a fine view of the surrounding 
lake-scenery may be obtained from the Observatory on 
Pujehill, about four versts, well nigh three miles, from the 
town, but which, in the clear atmosphere, appears to be 
much nearer. 
Having accomplished all that I had purposed in visiting 
Lake Saima at this time, I returned to Willmanstrand, 
