58 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND: 
possible this mode of culture. In consequence of this, and 
the introduction of improved agriculture, Svedanje has been 
greatly diminished, It is practised now to a very limited 
extent in the Lin or district of Nyland, in which Helsing- 
fors is situated, and in that of Abo, and throughout the 
greater part of Tavastehus Lin to the north-east and north 
of these districts, and of Wasa, on the coast of the Gulf of 
Bothnia, and the greater portion of the Uleaborg Lan. It 
may be said to be in these districts practised only occa- 
sionally, as on the uprooting of clumps of trees growing 
in the middle of a field or meadow, or with a view to 
preparing pasture land for cattle. Consequently the pro- 
duct of Svedanje in these districts is small, very small in 
comparison with that obtained by the usual mode of 
agriculture. Svedanje is not practised now in the eastern 
Lins, except in Lins which are near the coast and in the 
south, where, for example, in the south-west of Wyborg Lin 
it is only occasionally practised; and at Borga, Wyborg, and 
Nykyrka, it has been altogether abandoned, On the shores 
of Lake Ladoga it is strictly prohibited, in consequence of 
the scarcity of wood. In most other parts of the Lin where 
it is still practised, this is done as a necessary, and at 
present unavoidable, means of support. The produce of it in 
Sickjarvi is in proportion to that otherwise obtained as 1 
to 8. In other places it is as 1 to 2. In St. Michael's, 
further to the west, it begins to be limited. The poverty 
of the land, and the limited produce yielded by regular 
agriculture, lead to the greater use of Svedanje, 
It is in consequence of the injurious effects of the prac- 
tice that it has been thus limited. 
This mode of culture has been observed to impoverish 
the soil so much that the forest destroyed is not always 
replaced by a new growth, and now only in districts where 
the uneven and stony condition of the ground renders it 
difficult to carry out regular husbandry does it still prevail. 
From what is said by W. von Schubert in his ‘Rega- 
genom Sverige Norrige, Lappland,’ &c, published in 
