130 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
Forest-Masters, and the whole service is placed under the 
Economic Department of the Senate. By this Forest 
Administration, after due consideration, there was estab- 
lished the,system of management finally adopted and now 
followed. The Virector-in-chief, who is at the head of the 
Forest Administration, has the sole and complete control of 
the management of the forests. He is therefore required 
by tours of inspection to make himself acquainted with 
the state and condition of the forests in the several divi- 
sions of the country, and with the work and the efficiency 
of the forest officials in the discharge of their duties. 
The Engineer determines the measures to be adopted in 
the management of the forests, sees to the execution of 
these, determines divisions, and prepares charts of the 
Crown forests, and exercises, under the Director-in-chief, 
the control and regulation of the Forest Administration. 
The Secretary, who is required to have undergone what is 
called the higher examination of Government officials 
previous to appointment, has charge of the minutes and of 
other similar documents. The Chamberlain attends to the 
accounts of the Forest Administration, and of forest man- 
agement, in accordance with special instructions issued 
25th June 1869. The Forest-Masters are employed partly 
in carrying out the plans and the work of the Forest 
Administration, and partly in the execution of the requisite 
work in the management of the forests. 
Section A.—FoREST PROTECTION AND EXPLOITATION, 
The special function of the Forest-Warden is to protect 
the forests from waste by thefts, and by the spread of 
fire in the woods. 
There are numerous indications that the forests were 
formerly of much greater extent than now, if they did not 
cover the whole land. But as in Europe, so here, the forests 
have receded in their extent before the advance of man 
from the south; and not until the latter half of the present 
