166 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
plantations, the collecting of mineral, vegetable, and 
zoological specimens, measuring of trees, taking levels, &c., 
and in the floatage of trunks to a saw-mill moved by steam- 
power which is established at Evois; and in summer 
the field work is prosecuted from 15th July to 1st October 
in some one or other of the Crown forests, under the 
direction of the Director or Principal, and one of the 
teachers. The forest is surveyed, measured, described, and 
inventoried, with detailed information in regard to the 
condition and. cubic contents of the trees. This is done by 
each student for and by himself. When I heard last this 
was being done in the parish of Salmis, on the border 
of the Russian government of Olonetz. In the month of 
October they are exercised in taking levels for the making 
of new roads, and for the draining of lakes and marshes, 
and also exercised in what relates to the chase. And in 
the winter each student devises a complete plan of opera- 
tions such as he considers appropriate to the forest sur- 
veyed, again as in the forest, preparing by himself in the 
Institute the charts, inventories, estimates, and scheme of 
operations to be prescribed. In this way are prepared 
every year diagrams, &c., of from 2000 to 5000 tunnland 
of forest. 
At the National Exhibition held in Moscow, in tbe 
summer of 1882, there was exhibited a chart of the forest 
in connection with the Institution, indicating the manage- 
ment followed, and the distribution of the different kinds 
of trees growing, and the forest masses in which they 
grow. It had been originally produced for actual surveys 
as an exercise of the studentsin the Institution on a scale 
of 1-80 (the scale usually followed in Finland), and 
extended on a scale of 1-2000. 
As has been stated in the preceding chapter, the object 
which the advanced forest economy of Europe seeks to 
accomplish is three-fold: first, to secure a sustained pro- 
duction from. the forests; second, to secure along with 
this an amelioration of their condition ; and third, a repro- 
duction of them by self-sown seed when felled. The plan 
