SCHOOL OF FORESTRY. 173 
sugar maple, yellow birch, hemlock, arbor vite, and black 
cherry. ‘They had come up, and for a time promised to 
succeed ; but a frost one night in mid-summer the year 
before had killed everything to the ground. 
‘Forest products form more than half in value of the 
exports of Finland, and until recently no efforts have been 
made to restrain their waste. This destruction appears in 
their extensive lumbering operations—in the vicious habit 
of burning over the surface which prevails—the cutting of 
timber for making tar, and the use of wood for fencing to 
needless extent. It was found by recent estimate that 
754 millions of cubic feet are used every year for fences, 
a large part of which might be saved. At lat. 61° 30’ the | 
forests are estimated as growing wood to a size for car- 
penters’ use in 60 years ia the best soils, and in 90 to 100 
years in less fertile places; for sawing it must grow,100 
to 120 years; and at 64°, which is about the average lati- 
tude of Finland, 20 years must be added to these figures. 
In the northern part they must wait from 120 to 180 
years for wood suitable for framing, and from 180 to 230 
years for wood large enough for saw logs. 
‘The Crown forests occupy 131,500 square kilometers 
(81,711 sq. miles), but by far the greater part of this lies 
in the northern provinces. About four millions of logs 
are sawn every year, of which three-fourths are from 
private lands. At the end of 1875 there were 148 State 
saw mills in the country run by water, and 61 by steam, 
not including those for merely local use. 
‘Seldom has the parting word been spoken with more 
sincere regret than on the morning when we left Evois. 
Although our personal acquaintance had been brief, we 
had long corresponded, having been brought together in 
an epistolary way through the agency of the late Hon. 
George P. Marsh. Mr B. accompanied us to his frontier 
at the gate, and as he gave the parting hand he said: 
“We shall never meet on earth again—may we meet in 
heaven!” Returning by the way we came to Tavastehus, 
after returning thanks to the Governor, and rewarding the 
