176 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
principally upon its consistence and its moisture, which 
varies much, and is affected considerably by the quality of 
the layers of humus. These are exposed to accidental 
changes, occasioned by the forest fires which are so fre- 
quent in Finland. In the lands which have been long 
exposed to the sunshine, or devastated by fires, they rarely 
have a depth exceeding five millemetres; {in lands well 
conserved they vary in depth from three centimetres to 
one decimeter or more,’ 
Section A.—CoNIFERS. 
In statistical notes by Dr K. E. F. Ignatius, Director of 
the Bureau of Statistics, published in 1876, it is stated : 
‘Apart from the cultivated plants, and, perhaps, even 
without excepting these, the principal wealth of Finland 
consists of her forests. 
‘Amongst the different kinds of trees of which these 
forests are composed may be reckoned the following: 
‘The pine (Pinus sylvestris), the tree by far the most 
extensively diffused and the most productive. It is found 
throughout the whole country, except the extreme north, 
where it ceases to make its appearance, at one part in the 
neighbourhood of Kelottijarvi (68° 30’), at another part a 
little to the north of the lake Enare (69° 30’), while along 
water courses it may be traced still further north to the 
confluence of the Utsjoki and the Tana (69° 55’), but 
there it is very stunted. 
The tree, it may be mentioned, is called in Finnish, 
Mantzpetaja Honka ; in Russ, Sosna; in Swedish’ Tall 
Fur or Fura; in Norwegian and Danish, Fure; in German, 
Kiefer, Fohre, Forche, Forle, Fuhre ; in Dutch, Pijnboom ; 
in French, Pin Sylvestre; in Italian, Pino, Pino comune, 
Pino sylvestre ; in Spanish, Pind ; in Portuguese, Pinheiro ; 
in English, Scots Fir. 
At the National Exhibition held in Moscow in 1882 
